Genuine Apple MacBook Pro 16″ (A2141) Retina display assembly—professionally removed from original units and tested for full functionality. Ideal for high-quality repairs with true OEM performance and clarity. Model Compatibility: Fits MacBook Pro 16-inch (2019 model, A2141) only. 100% Original Apple Display: Not a copy or aftermarket part—this is an authentic Apple Retina display assembly carefully pulled from used or refurbished MacBook Pro units. Stunning Retina Display: 16-inch LED-backlit screen with 3072 x 1920 resolution, P3 wide color, True Tone technology, and high brightness for crisp, lifelike visuals. Complete Assembly Included: Comes with front glass, LCD panel, integrated 720p FaceTime HD camera, ambient light sensor, and full bezel—ready for installation. Rigorously Inspected: Each unit is tested for dead pixels, backlight uniformity, color accuracy, and physical condition to ensure reliable performance. “Pulled” Condition: Removed from a genuine MacBook Pro—fully functional with OEM quality, but shows signs of prior use (no cracks or major blemishes). Perfect for Professional Repairs: Trusted by technicians and refurbishers who demand factory-level display quality and compatibility.
Laptop Accessories US Version Keyboard for MacBook Retina 13 M1 A2338 2020 EMC 3578 Original Computer Replacement Keyboards Laptop Accessories US Version Keyboard for Macbook Retina 13 M1 A2338 2020 EMC 3578
A rugged and versatile pre-owned Lenovo ThinkPad T460 with 14" touchscreen, 6th Gen Core i5, 8GB RAM, and 256GB SSD—ideal for professionals who need durability, touch functionality, and reliable business performance.
ViewSonic 27″ 2K QHD The ViewSonic 27″ 2K QHD Designed with creative professionals in mind. the ViewSonic VP2756-2k delivers colors on screen. Pantone validated 100% sRGB coverage provides precise color your work looks how it should. every time. A USB-C port that easily connects with your devices for easy charging and data transfer. Ergonomic engineering gives you the flexibility to do more without injury, while Auto Pivot lets shift between horizontal. and Introducing VP56 Series Inspiration starts within, then appears to the world on the ViewSonic VP2756-2k, delivered with stunning true-to-life, high precision colors on an QHD frameless screen, with an ergonomic stand and USB-C support. Bring Your Colors to Life 100% sRGB color gamut that meets industry standards and can produce color precisely. Pantone® Validated ensures high levels of fidelity in simulating the full range of real-world colors. These two features combine to give ColorPro® VP2756-2K high every creative to get their colors right, every time. Precise Color With Delta E < 2 color accuracy, the ColorPro® VP2756-2K delivers stunning color reproduction that ensures. the colors in your videos and photos are true-to-life and nearly indistinguishable from the color seen by the naked eye. Exquisite Quality out of the Box Every unit is pre-calibrated at the factory and comes with its own color calibration report. Giving you the highest quality color calibration possible, right out of the box. Time spent fine-tuning ColorPro® monitors bring you the highest quality color calibration possible. Big Picture, Small Details Image quality is paramount for creative professionals, and with a 2K QHD (2560 x 1440) . resolution panel, images on the ColorPro® VP2756-2K series ensure incredible detail. Find Your Perfect Angle With a full range of swivel, pivot, tilt, and height adjustments, The ColorPro® VP2756-2K allows you to find the most comfortable. monitor positioning for your .Auto Pivot can even let photos to be automatically adjusted to the screen’s orientation when pivoted. Specifications: Specifications QHD Pantone| sRGB| USB-C 60W|CAM/CAD| Portrait mode for photography certified for blue light filter Auto Pivot, Swivel, Tilt, and Height adjust Split Screen 27 Inch 60 Hz QHD 2 USB-A 1 USB-C 1 HDMI 1 Display Port 1 year warranty Manufacturer Link
GAMDIAS 7 Colour Backlit Gaming USB Mechanical Keyboard with 87 Keys, Blue Switches, Anti-ghosting, Multimedia Control Key with Metal Plate, Combo (Multicolour, Hermes E2) About this item Certified mechanical blue switches feature a 50 Million actuation lifecycle Neon Light Spectrum- 7 colors backlight Elegant metal plate mechanical keyboard for added durability N-key rollover Compact 87 Keys Keyboard : By using small tenkeyless keyboard can save the space, and also makes the keyboard and mouse to become closer, so you can maximize the comfort and accuracy of your operation
The MSI G274F 27″ Gaming Monitor delivers smooth visuals with a 180Hz refresh rate and FHD resolution. It ensures responsive gameplay for fast-paced titles. Moreover, its IPS panel provides accurate colors and wide viewing angles. This allows consistent image quality from different positions. The monitor supports Adaptive Sync to reduce screen tearing and stuttering. This feature enhances fluidity during high-speed gaming sessions. It also includes ergonomic adjustments like tilt, swivel, and height options. Cable management is integrated to keep your desk organized. With low blue light and anti-flicker technology, it minimizes eye strain for long gaming or work sessions. The MSI G274F 27″ Gaming Monitor is ideal for users seeking smooth visuals, accurate colors, and responsive gameplay. Specifications: 27″ FHD IPS panel with accurate colors and wide viewing angles 180Hz refresh rate for fluid and responsive gaming Adaptive Sync support to reduce screen tearing Ergonomic adjustments with tilt, swivel, and height options Low blue light and anti-flicker technology for eye comfort
Original MacBook Pro 13″ (A2338) Display Assembly in Silver, including LCD, Retina panel, backlight, camera, Wi-Fi antennas, hinges, and aluminum lid. Compatible with M1 MacBook Pro 13″ (2020). Ideal for replacing cracked, damaged, or faulty screens. ✔️ Complete Display Assembly: Includes LCD, digitizer, housing, hinges, webcam, and antenna modules. ✔️ Retina Resolution: 2560 × 1600 native resolution with True Tone support. ✔️ Genuine Fit for A2338: Designed specifically for the MacBook Pro 13″ (A2338) – M1 2020 model. ✔️ Accurate Color & Brightness: 500 nits brightness, P3 wide color gamut, and high contrast. ✔️ Silver Aluminum Finish: OEM-grade aluminum lid matching the original color and texture. ✔️ Plug-and-Play Replacement: No programming required — direct connector compatibility. ✔️ Ideal for Repair: Suitable for replacing damaged, flickering, bleeding, or cracked screens.
The Stylus Pen is an active capacitive stylus pen designed for smooth and precise writing on all capacitive touchscreens. Featuring a superfine copper nib, palm rejection, and rechargeable battery, it’s perfect for note-taking, drawing, and everyday touchscreen use with iPads, iPhones, tablets, and smartphones. The Superfine Nib Active Capacitive Stylus Pen (Silver) is built for users who want accurate and smooth writing on touchscreens without needing Bluetooth or an app. Its superfine elastic copper tip provides delicate strokes while helping protect your screen from scratches. With palm rejection support, rechargeable battery, and one-click operation, it’s ideal for students, professionals, and creators using iPads, iPhones, and other capacitive touchscreen devices. Superfine Copper Nib for smooth writing and accurate strokes Palm Rejection Technology for comfortable writing experience No Bluetooth / No App Required – one-click operation Rechargeable Battery with up to 10 hours working time Magnetic Cap Design prevents loss and keeps the pen protected Compatible with iOS & All Capacitive Touchscreens Lightweight & Portable ideal for travel, school, and office use Compatible with all capacitive touchscreen devices, including iPad Pro, iPad Mini, iPad Air, and iPhones (11 series and earlier generations), plus most Android tablets and touchscreen phones.
The ViewSonic VA2760-H 27″ FHD 100Hz Monitor delivers sharp and clear visuals for work, study, and entertainment. Its Full HD resolution shows strong detail. The large 27-inch screen gives you more room to multitask. This helps you stay organized and productive. Moreover, the ViewSonic VA2760-H 27″ FHD 100Hz Monitor features a smooth 100Hz refresh rate. This refresh rate makes movement look clean and fluid. It reduces motion blur during fast scenes. This creates a more enjoyable viewing experience. In addition, the monitor uses an advanced panel that provides bright colors. The colors stay accurate from wide angles. This helps your content look consistent and natural. It is perfect for photos, videos, and daily tasks. Furthermore, the ViewSonic VA2760-H 27″ FHD 100Hz Monitor includes important eye-care features. Flicker-Free technology protects your eyes during long sessions. The blue light filter adds extra comfort. These features help reduce eye strain every day. Also, the monitor offers HDMI and VGA ports for easy connection. You can link desktops, laptops, and gaming consoles quickly. The setup process is simple for all users. This makes the monitor suitable for home or office use. The design of the ViewSonic VA2760-H 27″ FHD 100Hz Monitor is modern and clean. The slim frame gives your workspace a sleek look. It fits well in many setups and desk sizes. The build quality is strong and durable. Overall, the ViewSonic VA2760-H 27″ FHD 100Hz Monitor provides smooth performance, bright visuals, and eye comfort. It improves your workflow and entertainment experience. It is ideal for students, gamers, and professionals who want quality and simplicity. Specifications: Display : 27″ IPS Resolution : 1920×1080 Refresh Rate : 100Hz Response Time : 1ms
The HP P24V G5 FHD VA monitor delivers clear and vibrant visuals with its 24‑inch Full HD display. As a result, it makes everyday computing, work tasks, and media viewing more enjoyable with sharp detail and rich colors. In addition, the VA panel provides wide viewing angles, so the image stays consistent even when you move around your desk. Furthermore, this monitor includes fast response times that help reduce motion blur when watching videos or casual gaming. It also offers essential connectivity options, making it easy to connect laptops, desktops, or media players without adapter hassles. Therefore, it fits well in both home and office setups. Overall, the HP P24V G5 strikes a good balance between performance and practicality, giving users dependable display quality at an affordable level. Specifications: 24″ Full HD VA display with wide viewing angles Clear visuals and vibrant colors Fast response for smooth motion Essential connectivity for multiple devices Ideal for everyday work and entertainment use
The ViewSonic VG2709-MHU 27″ FHD 75Hz Monitor delivers clear and sharp images for work, study, and daily tasks. Its Full HD resolution shows text and pictures with good clarity. The 27‑inch size gives you enough space to multitask comfortably. This makes work and browsing easier. Moreover, the ViewSonic VG2709‑MHU uses a SuperClear IPS panel for wide viewing angles and consistent color. Colors stay true from the sides without fading or distortion. This helps photos, videos, and graphics look natural and smooth. Even large spreadsheets or documents remain easy to read. In addition, the monitor features a smooth 75 Hz refresh rate. This makes motion feel smoother than standard 60 Hz screens. Scrolling, video playback, and light gaming feel more fluid and comfortable. This reduces motion blur during everyday use. Furthermore, the ViewSonic VG2709-MHU includes eye‑care technology for long hours of work. It offers Flicker‑Free display and a Blue Light Filter to help reduce eye strain. This helps your eyes stay comfortable during long sessions. Also, the monitor offers good connectivity with HDMI, VGA, and USB‑C (with 65W power delivery) ports. This makes it simple to connect laptops, desktops, or other devices quickly. The built-in speakers add convenience for calls, videos, or basic media without extra audio devices. Also the design of the ViewSonic VG2709‑MHU is ergonomic and adjustable. You can tilt, swivel, pivot, and adjust height to find a comfortable view. Overall, the ViewSonic VG2709-MHU 27″ FHD 75Hz Monitor combines clear visuals, smooth performance, eye comfort, and flexible connectivity. It improves productivity, browsing, and light media or gaming. It is a great choice for students, professionals, and everyday users who want a dependable and comfortable display. Specifications: Display : 27″ IPS Resolution : FHD Refresh Rate : 75Hz Response Time : 5ms
AOC U32V11N 31.5-inch 4K monitor delivers ultra-clear visuals and large screen workspace for productivity and media use. It focuses on high resolution, strong contrast, and comfortable long-term viewing. Additionally, it features a 31.5-inch VA panel with 4K UHD resolution (3840 × 2160). This resolution provides very fine detail and more screen space, so it improves multitasking and content clarity. Moreover, it supports a 60Hz refresh rate with 4ms GtG response time. As a result, it delivers stable performance for office work, design, and general use. The monitor offers a high 3500:1 contrast ratio with HDR10 support and 10-bit color. Therefore, it enhances color depth and improves brightness and dark scene detail. In addition, it includes Picture-by-Picture and Picture-in-Picture modes. These features allow multiple input sources on one screen, so multitasking becomes more efficient. Furthermore, it includes Low Blue Mode and Flicker-Free technology. So it reduces eye strain during long working hours. The design features a three-sided frameless layout with HDMI 2.0 and DisplayPort 1.4 connectivity. It also supports VESA mounting for flexible setup options. AOC U32V11N 31.5-inch 4K monitor provides sharp visuals, strong contrast, and productivity-focused features for everyday professional use. Specifications: 31.5-inch VA panel with 3840 × 2160 4K UHD resolution 60Hz refresh rate with 4ms GtG response time HDR10 support with 10-bit color depth 3500:1 contrast ratio for deeper blacks and detail PIP and PBP multitasking with HDMI and DisplayPort connectivity
WiWU Linker 721HD Hub – Compact USB-C hub with 7 ports including 100W PD, dual USB-A, USB-C data, HDMI 4K60, and dual SD/TF slots.Aluminum body, plug‑and‑play compatibility with MacBooks and modern USB‑C devices—ideal for laptop expansion. Model: Linker 721HD (WiWU) Material: Aluminum-alloy shell Ports: 2 × USB‑A 3.1 1 × USB‑C 3.1 (data) 1 × USB‑C PD power delivery (up to 100 W) 1 × HDMI (4K @ 60 Hz) SD card slot + micro‑SD (TF) slot (USB 3.0 speed) Ports: 2 × USB‑A 3.1 1 × USB‑C 3.1 (data) 1 × USB‑C PD power delivery (up to 100 W) 1 × HDMI (4K @ 60 Hz) SD card slot + micro‑SD (TF) slot (USB 3.0 speed) Cable: Fixed USB‑C male cable (approx. 15 cm) Compatibility: Plug-and-play with USB-C/Thunderbolt 3/4 devices (MacBook, XPS, Chromebooks, mobile devices with DP-Alt Mode) Design: Compact, space gray finish optimized for travel/work setups Weight: ~150 g
The ViewSonic TD1630-3 16″ Touch Screen Monitor offers smooth touch control in a compact and modern design. It provides clear HD visuals for work and entertainment. The screen shows bright colors and sharp details. This makes browsing, drawing, and viewing content more enjoyable. Moreover, the ViewSonic TD1630-3 16″ Touch Screen Monitor supports 10-point multi-touch. You can tap, pinch, and swipe with fast response. The touch experience feels natural and smooth. This helps you work faster and more comfortably. In addition, the monitor includes HDMI and VGA connections. These ports make setup quick and simple. You can connect laptops, desktops, and other devices with ease. This gives you strong flexibility for daily use. Furthermore, the ViewSonic TD1630-3 16″ Touch Screen Monitor features a durable stand. You can tilt the screen for better viewing angles. This helps reduce strain during long use. The strong design keeps the monitor stable on your desk. Also, the monitor includes built-in speakers for easy audio playback. You can watch videos, join meetings, or listen to music without extra devices. This makes the monitor more convenient and practical. The compact size of the ViewSonic TD1630-3 16″ Touch Screen Monitor fits small desks and workspaces. It works well in homes, offices, shops, and reception areas. The clean design blends nicely with modern setups. This makes it suitable for many environments. Overall, the ViewSonic TD1630-3 16″ Touch Screen Monitor offers responsive touch control, clear visuals, and simple connectivity. It improves productivity and enhances entertainment. It is ideal for students, professionals, and businesses that need a reliable touch display. Specifications: Display : 16″ TN Resolution : 1366×768 Refresh Rate : 60Hz Response Time : 12ms
The Samsung Crystal UHD U8000F 65″ 4K TV UA65U8000FUXTW uses a 65-inch LCD panel with 3840 × 2160 resolution. It delivers standard 4K performance for everyday viewing. Samsung uses the Crystal Processor 4K for image processing and upscaling. As a result, lower-resolution content converts closer to 4K output. In addition, the TV supports HDR10 and HDR10+, which improve contrast between bright and dark scenes. The display runs at a 60 Hz refresh rate. Also, Motion Xcelerator reduces blur in fast motion content such as sports and action. Samsung equips the TV with Tizen OS. Therefore, users access streaming apps, SmartThings features, and basic voice control options depending on setup. Connectivity includes HDMI, USB, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Ethernet LAN, and optical audio output. In addition, the TV supports ALLM for basic gaming response time. This model focuses on 4K resolution, standard HDR support, and essential smart features without advanced gaming or local dimming systems. Specifications: 65-inch LCD panel with 3840 × 2160 4K UHD resolution Crystal Processor 4K with 4K upscaling support HDR10 and HDR10+ compatibility 60 Hz native refresh rate with Motion Xcelerator Tizen OS with HDMI, USB, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Ethernet connectivity
The ASUS VG34VQL3A Curved Gaming Monitor, 34″ WQHD delivers immersive gaming and smooth visuals for modern PC players. It is designed for gamers, creators, and anyone who wants a wider view and fast performance. First, this monitor features a 34-inch Ultra-Wide QHD (3440 × 1440) curved display with a 1500R curvature that wraps around your vision and feels more natural. As a result, games, movies, and multitasking feel more engaging. In addition, the ASUS VG34VQL3A supports a high refresh rate up to 180 Hz (OC) and a 1 ms response time (GTG) for smooth motion and minimal blur. This helps you react faster in fast-paced games. This model also uses AMD FreeSync Premium Pro for adaptive sync technology that reduces screen tearing and stuttering in supported games. Therefore, visuals stay smooth and clear with compatible GPUs. The screen covers 125% of the sRGB color gamut and supports DisplayHDR™ 400 with HDR10, giving bright highlights and rich contrast for vivid colors in HDR content. Thus, games and movies look more dynamic. Because the panel uses VA technology, it delivers deep contrast and solid black levels that make details pop in dark scenes. Also, the anti-glare coating helps reduce reflections in bright rooms. The ASUS VG34VQL3A includes built-in features like Picture-in-Picture (PiP), Picture-by-Picture (PbP), ASUS GamePlus, and low blue light modes for added convenience and comfort. This makes it versatile for work and play. Connectivity options include DisplayPort 1.4, HDMI 2.0, and USB 3.2 Gen 2 hub ports to link to PCs, laptops, and peripherals easily. As a result, setup stays flexible for many systems. The ergonomic stand offers height, tilt, and swivel adjustments plus VESA mount support, so you can position the monitor comfortably. This helps reduce neck and eye strain during long sessions. In conclusion, the ASUS VG34VQL3A Curved Gaming Monitor, 34″ WQHD combines speed, clarity, and wide ultrawide visuals. Overall, it is a strong choice for immersive gaming and productivity. Specifications: Display :34″ VA Panel, 1500R Curved, Anti-Glare. Resolution :Ultrawide QHD (3440 x 1440). Refresh Rate : Up to 180Hz (OC) for smooth motion. Response Time : 1ms (GTG) for reduced ghosting. HDR: Display HDR 400 with HDR10 support for enhanced contrast.
BenQ GW2791 27″ 1080p FHD 100Hz IPS Eye-Care Monitor | 3 Years Warranty is designed for work, study, and everyday entertainment. It combines a Full HD IPS panel, a 100Hz refresh rate, and BenQ Eye-Care technologies to deliver comfortable viewing throughout the day. The monitor features a 27-inch IPS display with a Full HD resolution of 1920 × 1080. Therefore, it produces clear images, accurate colors, and wide 178° viewing angles. In addition, it covers 99% of the sRGB color space, making it suitable for office work, web browsing, and media consumption. Moreover, the 100Hz refresh rate and 5ms GtG response time provide smoother motion when scrolling, streaming videos, or playing casual games. As a result, everyday use feels more responsive and fluid. BenQ Eye-Care technologies include Flicker-Free, Low Blue Light, EyeSafe 2.0 certification, and an ePaper mode. Therefore, the monitor helps reduce eye strain during long work or reading sessions. In addition, the anti-glare matte screen minimizes reflections for improved viewing comfort. The monitor includes one HDMI 1.4 port, one DisplayPort 1.2 input, and a headphone jack for flexible connectivity. Furthermore, the stand supports tilt adjustment, and the monitor is VESA 100 × 100 mm compatible for wall or arm mounting. Finally, the BenQ GW2791 delivers smooth performance, accurate colors, and advanced eye-care features for home, office, and everyday computing. Specifications: Display: 27-inch IPS panel with 1920 × 1080 Full HD resolution Refresh Rate: 100Hz with 5ms GtG response time Color: 99% sRGB coverage with 178° viewing angles Eye Care: Flicker-Free, Low Blue Light, EyeSafe 2.0, and ePaper mode Connectivity: HDMI 1.4, DisplayPort 1.2, headphone jack, and VESA 100 × 100 mm support
LENOVO 11.1V or 11.4V 24Wh 68 Laptop Battery 0C52861 45N1124 45N1775 45N1126 45N1127 For Lenovo ThinkPad X240 X240S X250 X260 X270 T440 T440S T450 T450S T460 T460P T470P T550 T560 W550 L450 L460 About this item Battery Type: 3-Cell Lithium-Ion Voltage &Capacity :11.1V 24Wh 2.09AH or 11.4V 24Wh 2.06Ah , in fact , 11.1V is same as 11.4V , because one cell voltage is 3.7V or 3.8V . SANISI Concept: The customer is god, Product Quality and Service must be perfect! We will let every customer feel satisfied Package Contents: 1 pcs Brand New Battery
The Samsung 75″ Neo QLED QN70F 4K Vision AI Smart TV QA75QN70FAUXTW delivers a premium viewing experience with advanced Neo QLED technology. It produces bright, sharp, and highly detailed images with strong contrast, so movies, sports, and games look more immersive on the 75-inch screen. Neo QLED technology uses Quantum Mini LEDs to improve brightness control and contrast accuracy. As a result, dark scenes appear deeper while bright scenes stay vivid and balanced. This creates a more realistic picture across different types of content. Vision AI enhances picture and sound in real time. It analyzes each scene and automatically adjusts brightness, sharpness, and color. Therefore, the TV consistently delivers optimized visuals without manual settings. In addition, AI upscaling improves lower-resolution content closer to 4K quality for better clarity and detail. HDR support expands brightness range and color depth, making visuals more dynamic and lifelike. Fast motion handling also improves clarity, which enhances sports and action viewing. The Smart TV platform provides easy access to streaming apps, gaming features, and smart home controls. It runs smoothly and responds quickly when switching between apps. In addition, the slim design with thin bezels gives the Samsung 75 Neo QLED QN70F 4K Vision AI Smart TV QA75QN70FAUXTW a modern and premium look. Overall, this Samsung Neo QLED TV combines strong brightness performance, AI optimization, and smart connectivity for a powerful entertainment experience. Specifications: Neo QLED technology delivers bright and detailed picture quality 75-inch 4K display provides immersive viewing experience Vision AI optimizes picture and sound automatically HDR improves contrast, brightness, and color depth Smart TV platform supports apps, streaming, and smart features
This is a logic board (motherboard) for the MacBook Pro 15" model A1398 (year 2015) with an Intel Core i7 processor and 16 GB of RAM. It’s the central brain of the laptop—everything else plugs into it. If your MacBook won’t turn on, has hardware faults, or logic-board damage, replacing this can restore full functionality (just make sure you choose the right version). This is a logic board (motherboard) for the MacBook Pro 15″ model A1398 (year 2015) with an Intel Core i7 processor and 16 GB of RAM. It’s the central brain of the laptop—everything else plugs into it. If your MacBook won’t turn on, has hardware faults, or logic-board damage, replacing this can restore full functionality (just make sure you choose the right version). This logic board is a high-quality replacement for the 2015 MacBook Pro 15″ Retina (model A1398). It features: Processor: Intel Core i7 (various speed variants) Memory: 16 GB soldered RAM (non-upgradeable) Graphics: Depending on version, either integrated Intel Iris Pro or dual graphics (Intel + AMD Radeon R9 M370X) Chipset & Board Info: Part numbers like 820-00138-A, 820-00163-A are common for these boards Compatibility / Model IDs: Works with MacBookPro11,4 / MacBookPro11,5 (EMC numbers 2909 / 2910) for 2015 A1398 models Ports & I/O Integrated: USB 3.0, HDMI, Thunderbolt 2, SD card slot, audio jack, etc. (same as original MacBook Pro 2015) Storage Interface: PCIe SSD slot (Apple’s proprietary SSD interface) Power & Connectors: Logic board includes connections for battery, fans, display, keyboard, trackpad, I/O board flex cables, etc. Condition / Variants: These boards are often “used / tested” when sold as replacements. Always check that all ports and soldered chips are intact. Risks & Notes: You must match the correct board variant (integrated vs dual GPU) or you can face compatibility issues or missing graphics functions.
