The HP 728 300-ml Original DesignJet Ink Cartridge is designed for high-volume, precise large-format printing. It delivers sharp detail and consistent color output for technical drawings, maps, and professional design work. HP builds this cartridge for compatible DesignJet printers to ensure stable ink flow and reliable performance during long print jobs. The 300-ml capacity supports extended printing with fewer cartridge changes, improving workflow efficiency. The HP 728 300-ml Original DesignJet Ink Cartridge produces clean lines and accurate graphics for CAD files, engineering plans, and presentations. It maintains steady print quality across demanding workloads. The cartridge installs easily and works seamlessly with supported HP systems. It is made for users who need high-capacity printing, consistent output, and dependable DesignJet performance. Specifications: 300ml original HP ink cartridge Sharp detail for technical drawings Consistent color output quality High-volume printing capacity Easy installation and replacement F9J68A , F9K15A , F9K16A , F9K17A
[1] Scan speed measured at 300 dpi (black-and-white, greyscale, and colour). Actual processing speeds may vary depending on scan resolution, network conditions, computer performance, and application software. [2] Scanning from a mobile device requires the HP Wireless Adapter 100 (L2761A), which must be purchased separately, and the HP JetAdvantage Capture App. The app is available for mobile devices running Android™ version 4.0 and higher, and can be downloaded from the Google Play™ store. For more information, see http://www.hp.com/go/documentmanagement. Wireless performance is dependent on physical environment and distance from access point and may be limited during active VPN connections. Wi-Fi Direct® scanning requires the mobile device to be connected directly to the Wi-Fi® network of the scanner. Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi Direct are registered trademarks of Wi-Fi Alliance®. [3] HP EveryPage is referred to as HP Precision Feed on HP ScanJet devices introduced prior to May 2013. [1] With input and output trays folded and covers closed. [2] Power requirements are based on the country/region where the scanner is sold. Do not convert operating voltages. This will damage the scanner and void the product warranty. [3] Actual speeds may vary depending on scan resolution, connectivity type, computer performance and application software.
Canon Color Laser – Single Function LBP712CX – NEW Compact colour laser printer, 5line LCD screen, 38 ppm in colour and mono, Up to 9600 x 600 dpi print quality, Automatic double-sided printing, print from USB KEY, smart phone Air print, Mopria print, WI-FI, Network, Duty cycle 80,000 pages per month, 1GB memory, 550 sheet Cassette, 100 sheet multipurpose tray. Cartridge 040Bk,C/M/Y, 040H Bk, C/M/Y. INK
Brother LC3719XLBK : Brother has long been a reliable partner in the office to get printing and scanning jobs done. We supply generic and original replacement cartridges for your Brother printer. Moreover some of our customers insist on using the original OEM cartridges and drum units. Use our range of guaranteed generic replacement cartridges and drum units (Brother LC3719XL Black Generic Ink (LC3719XL-BK) ), therefore our slogan is to cut costs not corners. Toners Corporation (Pty) Ltd has been supplying Brother ink and Brother Laser toner cartridges since 1995. Specifications: A High Quality Compatible Generic Replacement Ink Cartridges. Buy All Four Colours and Save! Print Clear Vivid Images and Text. Easy to Install & Replace Long Lasting Money-Wise Printing Solution Compatible Brother Printers: MFCJ2330DW; MFCJ2730DW; MFCJ3530DW; MFCJ3930DW; Page Yield: 1500 pages @ 5% coverage Toner Corporation – Cutting Costs not Corners. 1 year warranty Manufacturer Link
Original product name: Canon Business Inkjet Series – MAXIFY 4 In 1 Business Inkjet MAXIFY MB5440 Fast All-In-One for a busy small office with print, copy, scan and fax functions, 24 ipm mono, 15 ipm color, 8.8cm flat touch screen Canon Business Inkjet Series – MAXIFY 4 In 1 Business Inkjet MAXIFY MB5440 Fast All-In-One for a busy small office with print, copy, scan and fax functions, 24 ipm mono, 15 ipm color, 8.8cm flat touch screen, Automatic duplex printing with two 250-sheet paper cassettes, 50 sheet single pass 2 sided ADF, Scan to USB, email & CLOUD, Wi-Fi, Ethernet + Cloud Link, Apple AirPrint, Google Cloud Print, duty cycle 30,000 page per month. PGI-2400XL BK(2500 pages), PGI-2400XL Cyan, Magenta, Yellow(1500 pages) INK
Description : Direct Thermal Label Barcode Printer – 152 MM/ Second – Print Width 16 ~82MM – Serial , USB , LAN , Print QR Code – Roll External Diameter Max 100MM – Label Paper AutoDetection –
Original product name: Canon Business Inkjet Series – MAXIFY Single Function MAXIFY IB4140 High volume printer for a busy small office, 24 ipm mono, 15 ipm color, Automatic duplex printing with two 250-sheet paper cassettes, Wi-Fi, Ethernet + Cloud Link Canon Business Inkjet Series – MAXIFY Single Function MAXIFY IB4140 High volume printer for a busy small office, 24 ipm mono, 15 ipm color, Automatic duplex printing with two 250-sheet paper cassettes, Wi-Fi, Ethernet + Cloud Link, Apple AirPrint, Google Cloud Print, Print from Email, duty cycle 30,000 page per month. PGI-2400XL BK(2500 pages), PGI-2400XL Cyan, Magenta, Yellow(1500 pages) INK
The Brother MFC-L8390CDW fast and compact professional color laser multi-function printer is designed for business users who need reliable, high-quality printing and versatile document handling. It prints sharp color and black-and-white documents with vivid detail and consistent performance, helping offices and workgroups stay productive. Moreover, its compact build saves space while delivering professional results in busy environments. This all-in-one printer supports printing, scanning, copying, and faxing, making it a complete solution for everyday office tasks. It includes automatic duplex (double-sided) printing to help reduce paper use and lower operating costs. Additionally, wireless, Ethernet, and mobile printing support allow users to print from laptops, smartphones, and tablets with ease, providing flexible connectivity throughout the workplace. The MFC-L8390CDW also features an automatic document feeder to speed up scanning and copying of multi-page documents, streamlining workflow and saving time. Furthermore, its intuitive touch-screen display simplifies operation for staff members at all skill levels. Therefore, it is an excellent choice for small and medium businesses that need robust, efficient, and professional printing. Finally, this printer combines speed, quality, and versatility for everyday business needs. manufacturer link Specifications: Printer model: Brother MFC-L8390CDW Functions: Print, Scan, Copy, and Fax (4-in-1) Printing type: Professional color laser printing Connectivity: Wireless, Ethernet, and mobile printing support Features: Automatic duplex and document feeder for multi-page tasks
HP Color LaserJet Pro M452dn, 100% full Yeild , exchange warranty ,high quality cartridges with defective rate less than 1% CF411A/CRG 046 C M452dw,M452nw, Colour Cyan Capacity 2300 Original Manufacturer Equivalent CF411A/ CRG-046C Original Manufacturer Equivalent Family Code 410A UPC 095205894356 Specifications: 100% full Yeild , exchange warranty ,high quality cartridges with defective rate less than 1% Original Manufacturer Equivalent CF411A Original Manufacturer Equivalent CF211A/CB541A/CE321A 1 Year Warranty
The DK-22210 29mm x 30.48m Continuous Labels Cartridge is perfect for creating professional labels for home, office, and business use. Designed for Brother P-Touch QL series label printers, it delivers smooth, high-quality printing for a wide variety of labeling needs. Moreover, the continuous roll allows you to print labels of any length, providing flexibility for envelopes, packages, files, and more. This compatible label cartridge produces clear, legible text and graphics, helping you organize documents, products, shelves, and equipment efficiently. Additionally, it is easy to install, letting you resume labeling quickly without downtime. Its durable material ensures labels adhere well and resist tearing, making them reliable for both short-term and long-term use. The DK-22210 is ideal for businesses, schools, or home users who need versatile, high-capacity labeling solutions. Furthermore, its continuous roll minimizes waste and maximizes efficiency. Therefore, it is a practical choice for anyone who wants professional, customizable labels quickly and easily. Finally, this cartridge combines flexibility, durability, and ease of use for all labeling tasks. Specifications: DK-22210 continuous label cartridge 29mm x 30.48m roll for flexible labeling Compatible with Brother P-Touch QL printers Durable, easy-to-read labels Easy installation and use
Laser Drum Unit Printing technology: Laser Product type: Drum Unit Color: Black Page yield: 12,000 pages For use with Brother mono laser printers: DCP-L2535D, DCP-L2550DW, HL-L2335D, HL-L2370DN, HL-L2375DW, MFC-L2715DW, MFC-L2750DW Specifications: SKU: BR006EA19YE67NAFAMZ Color: Black Model: Brother DR-2405 Production Country: Japan 1 year warranty Manufacturer Link
Epson C13T66444A Epson Yellow Ink bottle 70ml Specifications: Specifications Epson Yellow Ink bottle 70ml
HP Printer Inkjet – Officejet MFP / A4 Format T8W49C D 3788 Red Ink Advantage3in1, Print, Scan, Copy, speed 20ppm Black/16ppm color, Res 1200x1200dpi Black/ 4800x1200dpi color, Scan Res 1200dpi, Wireless, E-Print, Airprint, USB2.0, duty cycle 1000pages Specifications: HP Printer Inkjet – Officejet MFP / A4 Format T8W49C D 3788 Red Ink Advantage3in1, Print, Scan, Copy, speed 20ppm Black/16ppm color, Res 1200x1200dpi Black/ 4800x1200dpi color, Scan Res 1200dpi, Wireless, E-Print, Airprint, USB2.0, duty cycle 1000pages
The Canon PIXMA MG2545S Printer delivers clear printing, scanning, and copying in one compact unit. It is ideal for home use, students, and small offices that need basic everyday printing. First, this all-in-one device prints documents and photos with a resolution up to 4800 × 600 dpi. As a result, text and images look crisp and detailed. In addition, the Canon PIXMA MG2545S Printer prints up to 8 pages per minute in black and 4 pages per minute in color. Therefore, small document tasks stay quick and reliable. This printer uses 2 FINE cartridges (black and colour) for smooth ink delivery and good print quality. Also, optional XL cartridges help lower your cost per page. Moreover, the scanner offers 600 × 1200 dpi optical resolution for clear digital copies of photos and documents. Thus, your scans stay sharp and easy to save. The Canon PIXMA MG2545S Printer also includes a copier function for quick duplication without a computer. This adds extra convenience. Because it connects through Hi-Speed USB, setup stays simple and direct with most desktops or laptops. So, you start printing without complex steps. This model supports common paper types like plain paper, envelopes, and glossy photo papers. As a result, you can handle varied documents and photos easily. Furthermore, the rear tray holds up to 60 sheets, helping you print many pages without frequent refills. The Canon PIXMA MG2545S Printer has a compact design that fits neatly on desks and workspaces. Also, it uses modest power, making it energy efficient for everyday use. Compared to single-function printers, this all-in-one model adds scanning and copying in one device. Therefore, it delivers more value for home and office tasks. In conclusion, this printer offers dependable performance, simple setup, and clear results. Overall, it is a solid choice for everyday printing needs. Specifications: Functions : Print, Copy, Scan Print Resolution: Up to 4800 x 1200 dpi. Print Technology : 2 FINE Cartridges (Black and Colour) Print Speed: Up to 8 ipm (mono) / 4 ipm (color). Scanner Resolution: Up to 600 x 1200 dpi (flatbed). Connectivity: USB 2.0 (wired only).
The Brother MFC-T930DW All-in-One Ink Tank Printer delivers efficient printing, scanning, copying, and faxing in a compact and cost-effective device. Designed for home offices and small businesses, it provides sharp black text and vibrant color prints suitable for documents, graphics, and everyday work. Moreover, the refillable ink tank system allows high-volume printing while keeping operating costs low. This printer supports duplex (double-sided) printing, helping reduce paper consumption and improve workflow efficiency. Additionally, its automatic document feeder simplifies scanning and copying multi-page documents. Wireless connectivity enables printing directly from laptops, smartphones, and tablets, providing flexible use across home or office networks. Visible ink tanks make it easy to monitor ink levels and avoid interruptions. The MFC-T930DW fits neatly into small workspaces while delivering dependable performance for regular printing needs. Furthermore, its easy controls and smooth setup make daily use simple for all users. Therefore, it is ideal for students, professionals, and offices needing reliable all-in-one performance. Finally, this printer combines productivity, low-cost printing, and versatile features for everyday use. Specifications: Brother MFC-T930DW all-in-one ink tank printer Print, scan, copy, and fax functions Refillable ink tanks for low-cost printing Duplex printing for paper savings Wireless and mobile printing support
Epson L1800 ITS printer Compatible Toners : T6731 : Black T6732 : Cyan T6733 : Magenta T6734 : Yellow T6735 : Light Cyan T6736 : Light Magenta A compact six-colour A3+ printer for cost-conscious homes and offices, the L1800 prints a 10x15cm photo in around 45 seconds. Its high-capacity ink tank system allows it to print 1,500 10x15cm photos without a refill. With minimal intervention, it delivers cost-effective and hassle-free printing of photos and colour documents for homes, photographers and offices wanting to print in high volumes. Ultra-low-cost printing Deliver ultra-low cost per page thanks to the EcoTank’s innovative cartridge-free filling system with easy-to-use bottles. The L1800 allows you to print up to 1,500 (10×15) high-quality photos with the included ink bottles2. Increase productivity Say hello to EcoTank’s integrated ink tank, and leave the hassle of cartridges behind you. Using the 70ml ink bottles included with purchase, you’ll be able to print up to 1,500 quality 10x15cm photos before needing to refill2. And when it’s finally time to refill, there’s no mess thanks to drip-free nozzles and intuitive ink top-up technology. Quality results Enjoy next generation print quality and reliability with a Micro Piezo printhead, standard with all EcoTank printers. And what’s more, a promotional three-year warranty is included3. Join 50m customers worldwide Since Epson started making EcoTanks in 2010, over 50m EcoTanks have been sold worldwide4, making Epson the no. 1 ink tank printer in the world5. 7 out of 10 ink tank printers sold in the Middle East and Africa are Epson5. Key Features Ultra-low-cost Purpose-built, refillable ink tank Photo printing 6-colour A3+ printer Compact design Small footprint ideal for home use Peace of mind Covered by Epson’s warranty User-friendly Hassle-free with simple set-up Full Specifications : Printing Method Epson Micro Piezo™ print head Nozzle Configuration 90 Nozzles Black, 90 Nozzles per Color Minimum Droplet Size 1.5 pl, With Variable-Sized Droplet Technology Ink Technology Dye Ink Printing Resolution 5,760 x 1,440 DPI Category Home, Photo Specifications: Specifications : -Inkjet Printer, Consumer/Plain -A3+ -6 Ink Cartridges -CYlMKlCM, 5,760 x 1,440 dpi -15 Pages/min Monochrome (plain paper) -45 Seconds per 10 x 15 cm photo (Epson Premium Glossy Photo Paper) -15 Pages/min Color (plain paper) -100 Sheets Standard -30 Photo Sheets, Memory Cards, USB, Mac OS 10.5+, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows Vista, Windows XP -6 x 70ml individual ink bottles (Bk,C,Y,M,Lc,LM), Driver and utilities (CD), Main unit, Power cable 1 Year Warranty manufacturer link
The Star Micronics Receipt Printer BSC10 LAN provides fast and reliable printing for retail stores, offices, and service counters. It produces clear receipts with sharp text. The printer works quickly, and it helps reduce customer waiting time. It supports daily business tasks efficiently. Moreover, the Star Micronics Receipt Printer LAN features a compact and durable design. It fits well on small counters and tight spaces. The sturdy construction ensures long-lasting performance. This makes it ideal for busy retail and office environments. In addition, the printer supports LAN connectivity. You can connect it to networks easily for multiple devices. This helps businesses create a clean and efficient workspace. The setup process is simple and quick. Furthermore, the Star Micronics Receipt Printer BSC10 LAN prints at high speed. This improves workflow during peak business hours. It stays consistent even during long printing sessions. Your operations become faster and more organized. Also, the printer uses thermal printing technology. This means no ink or toner is required. It reduces running costs and simplifies maintenance. The paper loading system is fast and user-friendly. The Star Micronics Receipt Printer LAN includes a reliable auto-cutter. It delivers clean cuts for every receipt. This ensures professional and neat output for customers. Its strong build ensures stable performance over time. Overall, the Star Micronics Receipt Printer BSC10 LAN offers speed, clarity, and reliable operation in one compact device. It improves workflow and enhances customer service. It is perfect for retail shops, offices, restaurants, and service counters. This printer provides dependable performance with simple and efficient features. Specifications: Paper Width : 80mm Print Speed : 250mm
HP Mono Laser / A4 Format W1A56A LJ Pro M404dw Speed 38ppm, Res 1200x1200dpi, 1.2GHz proceesor, 256MB Memory, Duplex , Network, E-print, Airprint, USB2.0, Duty Cycle 80,000 pages
The Epson TM-T20III-012A0 Thermal Receipt Printer is a reliable solution for businesses that require fast and efficient receipt printing. Designed for retail stores, restaurants, and hospitality environments, it ensures high-speed, smudge-free prints to keep operations running smoothly. Thanks to its compact design, the printer fits easily on counters, saving valuable space. It supports USB and Ethernet connections, allowing seamless integration with existing POS systems. Consequently, setup is quick, and staff can start printing immediately without delays. This printer provides clear and professional print quality for receipts, tickets, and order slips. Its durable construction guarantees long-lasting performance and reduces the need for frequent maintenance. Ideal for small and medium-sized businesses, the Epson TM-T20III-012A0 helps streamline operations, improve customer service, and maintain consistent workflow at the point of sale. manufacturer link Specifications: Fast thermal printing for receipts and tickets Compact, space-saving design USB and Ethernet connectivity for easy setup Clear, smudge-free print output Reliable performance for retail and hospitality environments
The Label Printer Epson ColorWorks C7500G is designed for businesses that require professional, high-quality, and durable labels. Because it uses PrecisionCore inkjet technology, it delivers crisp details and vibrant colors with exceptional speed. As a result, companies can reduce outsourcing costs and print labels on demand with outstanding consistency. With fast print speeds of up to 300 mm per second, the C7500G handles large volumes efficiently. Moreover, its high-capacity, individual pigment ink cartridges reduce downtime and provide a cost-effective labeling solution. Therefore, whether you are printing product labels, packaging labels, or compliance labels, the results remain sharp and smudge-resistant. Additionally, the Label Printer Epson ColorWorks C7500G supports a wide variety of media types and finishes. This flexibility ensures you can adapt labeling to different industries, including food, retail, healthcare, and logistics. Furthermore, its durable design and low maintenance requirements make it a reliable choice for continuous business use. The integrated Nozzle Verification Technology automatically detects and corrects clogged nozzles. Consequently, you can rely on consistent print quality and reduced waste. In addition, the printer offers easy connectivity, enabling smooth integration into existing workflows. With its powerful features, the Label Printer Epson ColorWorks C7500G empowers businesses to take control of their label production. In other words, it helps improve efficiency, cut costs, and enhance branding with professional-grade labels created in-house. Specifications: Max Print Width : 108MM Print Speed : 12 Inch/s Data interface : Ethernet and USB
The HP SMART TANK 585 3-IN-1 Wi-Fi printer delivers reliable printing, scanning, and copying in one easy-to-use device. It is designed for home offices, students, and small businesses who want low-cost printing with smart features. First, this all-in-one printer uses HP Thermal Inkjet technology with a refillable Smart Tank system for low ongoing ink cost. As a result, you get high-yield prints with fewer refills. In addition, the HP SMART TANK 585 3-IN-1 Wi-Fi supports built-in Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) and Wi-Fi Direct for wireless printing. Therefore, you can print from phones, tablets, and laptops easily. This model includes print, copy, and scan functions in one unit to save space and time. That means you can handle everyday documents and photos with a single machine. Moreover, it offers borderless printing up to 8.5″ × 11″, so photos and graphics look more professional without white edges. This works well for photo projects and presentations. The printer supports mobile printing through HP Smart app, Apple AirPrint, Mopria Print Service, and Wi-Fi Direct. Thus, you can send print jobs directly from your phone or tablet. The HP SMART TANK 585 3-IN-1 Wi-Fi delivers sharp print quality with up to 1200 × 1200 dpi for black and up to 4800 × 1200 dpi optimized for color. So, text and images feel crisp and clear. This model includes manual duplex printing support and a simple 1.2″ icon LCD display for guided controls. Therefore, setup and use are more intuitive. Because it has a 100-sheet input tray, you can load enough paper for everyday tasks. It also works with many paper types like plain paper, glossy photo papers, and envelopes. In conclusion, the HP SMART TANK 585 3-IN-1 Wi-Fi printer combines multifunction use, wireless convenience, and low ink cost for modern printing needs. Overall, it is a strong choice for reliable and affordable printing, copying, and scanning at home or in small offices. Specifications: Functions: Print, Copy, Scan. Connectivity: Wi-Fi, USB, Apple AirPrint, and HP Smart App. Ink System: Cartridge-free, refillable ink tanks with spill-free design, offering high page yields (up to 6,000 color/18,000 black pages included). Print Quality: Dark, crisp text and vibrant color graphics.
PRINTING Print Method Direct Thermal Print Speed 2~8 inch/s (51-203mm/s) Interface USB Print Resolution 203 dpi Dot Size 0.125×0.125mm(1mm=8dots) Prient Width Max. 104mm (4.09″) Prient Length Max. 2286mm (90″) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Print Dimensions 285x210x180mm(WxDxH) Printer Weight Approx. 2.09KG Operation Condition Temperature: 5~45℃(41~104℉), Humidity: 25~85%RH Storage Condition Temperature: -10~50℃(-10~140℉), Humidity: 10%~90%RH Print head 50KM Power supply Input: AC 110V/240V Output: DC24V/2.5A, 60W MEDIA Media Roll OD 130mm OD Media Type Continuous,black,mark,gap,punched hole,Fan fold labels etc. Media Rolling Up Method Printing side outward rolling Media Width(+Linner) Max.120mm(4.72″) Min.20mm(0.78″) Media Thickness(+Linner) Max.0.254mm(10mil) Min.0.06mm(2.36mil) Media Roll Core Size 25.4mm~38mm(1″~1.5″) Media Gap Min.2 mm(0.09″) Label Length 10~2286mm(0.39″~90″)
Barcode Reader Wireless 2D S20W Wireless 2D Barcode Scanner | S20-W Name: Wireless 2D Barcode Scanner Model: S20-W Interface: USB Color: Black
NCTS USB Barcode Scanner – High-speed wired scanner for both 1D and 2D barcodes with auto-sensing mode.Plug-and-play solution ideal for retail, inventory, and logistics operations. Model: NCTS 1D/2D Barcode Scanner (USB Wired) Color: Black Scan Type: Image-based CMOS scanner Supported Barcode Types: 1D: Code 128, Code 39, EAN-13, UPC-A, Codabar, ISBN, etc. 2D: QR Code, PDF417, Data Matrix, Aztec, etc. Supported Barcode Types: 1D: Code 128, Code 39, EAN-13, UPC-A, Codabar, ISBN, etc. 2D: QR Code, PDF417, Data Matrix, Aztec, etc. Interface: USB 2.0 (Plug-and-play, no driver required) Scan Speed: Up to 300 scans/second Resolution: ≥ 4mil (0.1mm) Scan Modes: Manual trigger Auto-sensing Continuous mode Scan Modes: Manual trigger Auto-sensing Continuous mode Light Source: White LED illumination + red aiming line Indicators: LED and buzzer for scan confirmation Power Supply: DC 5V (via USB port) Cable Length: ~1.5 meters Build: ABS plastic, ergonomic handheld design Compatibility: Windows, macOS, Linux, Android Applications: POS, inventory, logistics, healthcare, warehouse use
A versatile wireless 2D barcode scanner with desk stand—Beurotika BS104WS supports auto-scan, continuous, and manual modes, with up to 200 scans per second and a 2000mAh rechargeable battery for all-day use. The Beurotika BS104WS is a high-performance wireless 2.4GHz 2D barcode scanner designed for retail, warehouse, logistics, and office environments. It comes with a convenient desktop stand for hands-free operation and features a 32-bit high-speed processor for fast, accurate decoding of 1D and 2D barcodes—including QR Code, Data Matrix, PDF417, and more Three scanning modes: Auto-scan, continuous scan, and manual trigger—ideal for different workflow needs Scanning speed: Up to 200 scans per second for rapid data capture Wireless range: Reliable 2.4GHz connection (via USB dongle) for cord-free mobility Built-in battery: 3.7V 2000mAh lithium-ion battery offering up to 16 hours of continuous use Ergonomic handheld design with desk stand for flexible countertop or portable use Plug-and-play setup via USB receiver—no drivers required for most systems
