Genuine-spec touchpad flex cable for Apple’s 12-inch MacBook (Model A1534, Early 2015 / Early 2016 / Mid 2017)—essential for restoring full Force Touch trackpad functionality, haptic feedback, and multi-touch gesture support. Compatible With: MacBook 12″ (Early 2015) – 1.1GHz Core M MacBook 12″ (Early 2016) – 1.1GHz/1.3GHz Core M MacBook 12″ (Mid 2017) – 1.2GHz/1.3GHz Core m3/i5/i7 All share Model Number A1534 and Model Identifier MacBook8,1 / MacBook9,1 / MacBook10,1 respectively. MacBook 12″ (Early 2015) – 1.1GHz Core M MacBook 12″ (Early 2016) – 1.1GHz/1.3GHz Core M MacBook 12″ (Mid 2017) – 1.2GHz/1.3GHz Core m3/i5/i7 All share Model Number A1534 and Model Identifier MacBook8,1 / MacBook9,1 / MacBook10,1 respectively. Part Type: Touchpad flex cable only—does not include the trackpad housing, Taptic Engine, or mounting brackets. This is the ribbon cable that connects the Force Touch trackpad to the logic board. Function: Critical for Force Touch functionality—transmits pressure-sensitive input, multi-touch gestures (e.g., pinch, swipe, Force Click), and haptic feedback signals to the Taptic Engine. OEM-Quality Construction: Precisely matches Apple’s original in length, connector pitch, shielding, and routing—ensures reliable signal integrity and compatibility with macOS. Common Use Cases: Replacing a torn, creased, or liquid-damaged flex cable Restoring unresponsive or erratic trackpad behavior Completing a trackpad replacement when the original cable is unusable Replacing a torn, creased, or liquid-damaged flex cable Restoring unresponsive or erratic trackpad behavior Completing a trackpad replacement when the original cable is unusable Installation Note: Requires full bottom case removal and delicate disconnection of the ZIF connector. The cable routes tightly under the battery—extreme care is required. Recommended for experienced or certified technicians only.
The 45W MagSafe 2 Power Adapter features a magnetic DC connector so if someone should trip over it, the cord disconnects harmlessly and your MacBook Air stays put safely. It also helps prevent fraying or weakening of the cables over time. In addition, the magnetic DC helps guide the plug into the system for a quick and secure connection. The 45W MagSafe 2 Power Adapter features a magnetic DC connector so if someone should trip over it, the cord disconnects harmlessly and your MacBook Air stays put safely. It also helps prevent fraying or weakening of the cables over time. In addition, the magnetic DC helps guide the plug into the system for a quick and secure connection. When the connection is secure, an LED located at the head of the DC connector lights up; an amber light lets you know that your notebook is charging, while a green light tells you that you have a full charge. An AC cord is provided with the adapter for maximum cord length, while the AC wall adapter (also provided) gives you an even easier and more compact way to travel. Designed to be the perfect traveling companion, the adapter has a clever design which allows the DC cable to be wound neatly around itself for easy cable storage. This power adapter recharges the lithium polymer battery while the system is off, on, or in sleep mode. It also powers the system if you choose to operate without a battery. Compatible only with MacBook Air featuring MagSafe 2 power port. Knowing which specific Mac model you have is important. If you are running OS X Lion (10.7) or later go to the “” menu at the top left of your screen, choose “About this Mac” then click the “More Info…” button. Your Mac model and generation will be displayed. If you are running an earlier version of OS X, you can enter your serial number here to find out which model you have. Mac Models MacBook Air (13-inch, Early 2015 – 2017) MacBook Air (11-inch, Early 2015)
Used OEM Original Apple Logic Board Working, 2019 Model 2.7Ghz I7 251gb 16gb (A1989) + Original Touch ID, Tested using latest industry hardware diagnostic software, Fresh pull from fully Working nearly new unit. SPECIFICATION:
WiWU Infinite USB‑C to HDMI Adapter (HB004) – Sleek aluminum dongle offering 4K@60Hz output over USB‑C (DP Alt‑Mode), plug-and-play with no drivers needed.Compact, portable, and reliable—a must-have for mobile productivity, gaming, and media streaming. Model: WiWU Infinite USB‑C to HDMI Adapter (HB004) Video Output: HDMI 2.0, supports up to 4K @ 60 Hz resolution Material & Weight: Robust aluminum alloy body, compact, weighs ~69 g Compatibility: Plug-and-play connector works with USB‑C devices supporting DP Alt‑Mode—compatible with laptops, smartphones, tablets, consoles Design & Build: Slim, portable, durable—no driver/software required Use Cases: Ideal for mirroring/extending screens for presentations, streaming, gaming
The Apple MacBook Pro 16-inch (2019) is powered by an Intel Core i7 processor, paired with 16GB RAM and a fast 512GB SSD for powerful and reliable performance. Designed for professionals and creatives, it features a premium aluminum build, immersive 16-inch Retina display, and dedicated Radeon Pro graphics for demanding workloads.
The Mortal T1 Mini is an ultra-compact, budget-friendly Android TV box designed to turn any standard HDMI television into a smart entertainment platform. It features 4K hardware decoding, dual-band Wi-Fi, and a voice-controlled remote, providing a smooth and responsive experience for local IPTV, YouTube, and mainstream streaming applications. ✅ Full Specifications: Model: Mortal T1 Mini 4K Smart Media Player Interface / Connection: Wi-Fi: Dual-Band (2.4GHz / 5GHz) 802.11n Bluetooth: BT 5.0 (Supports wireless remotes, headphones, and controllers) Wired Network: 1 x 10/100Mbps Ethernet LAN Port (Note: Available on standard mini casing configurations) Input/Output Ports: 1 x HDMI Out, USB Ports, 1 x TF/microSD Card Slot, 1 x DC 5V Power Interface / Connection: Wi-Fi: Dual-Band (2.4GHz / 5GHz) 802.11n Bluetooth: BT 5.0 (Supports wireless remotes, headphones, and controllers) Wired Network: 1 x 10/100Mbps Ethernet LAN Port (Note: Available on standard mini casing configurations) Input/Output Ports: 1 x HDMI Out, USB Ports, 1 x TF/microSD Card Slot, 1 x DC 5V Power Performance / Hardware: CPU: Allwinner H313 Quad-Core ARM Cortex-A53 (up to 1.5GHz) (Also distributed in select regional batches with Rockchip quad-core architectures) GPU: Mali-G31 MP2 / Mali-450MP Graphics Engine Resolution Output: Native HDMI 2.0 supporting up to 4K @ 60Hz Video Decode Formats: 4K Ultra HD hardware acceleration decoding including H.265 HEVC, H.264, VP9, and 3D video support High Dynamic Range (HDR): Supports HDR10+, HDR10, and HLG profiles Performance / Hardware: CPU: Allwinner H313 Quad-Core ARM Cortex-A53 (up to 1.5GHz) (Also distributed in select regional batches with Rockchip quad-core architectures) GPU: Mali-G31 MP2 / Mali-450MP Graphics Engine Resolution Output: Native HDMI 2.0 supporting up to 4K @ 60Hz Video Decode Formats: 4K Ultra HD hardware acceleration decoding including H.265 HEVC, H.264, VP9, and 3D video support High Dynamic Range (HDR): Supports HDR10+, HDR10, and HLG profiles Capacity / Memory Options: 2GB RAM + 16GB eMMC Internal Flash Storage (Storage expandable up to 256GB via TF card slot or external USB drive) Material & Build: Durable, matte plastic compact shell engineered with passive thermal management to maintain low operational temperatures Design & Form Factor: Pocket-sized, ultra-light mini layout designed to easily fit behind wall-mounted or desktop televisions Security & Software: Operating System variants run customized, stable Android TV distributions (Android 13 / Android 14) optimized for app longevity, security patch support, and easy layout control Voice Assistant: Includes an ergonomic voice remote control featuring an integrated microphone button for hands-free Google Assistant commands and quick navigation Compatibility: Fully compatible with major applications like YouTube, Netflix, Disney+, Prime Video, various IPTV clients, and Screen Mirroring Cast protocols Dimensions: Approx. 77 x 77 x 12 mm (May vary slightly up to 88 x 88 x 18 mm depending on exact regional shell style) Weight: Approx. 0.25 to 0.35 kg
WiWU Pioneer Pro Handbag – Stylish, waterproof laptop bag with soft-lined padded interior and reinforced corners.Ideal for 14″ and 15.6″ laptops, offering excellent protection, comfort, and everyday utility. Model: WiWU Pioneer Pro Sizes: Designed for both 14″ and 15.6″ laptops Material: Durable, water-resistant polyester exterior Interior: Faux-fur lining with thick anti-shock padding Protection: 360° corner reinforcement for enhanced drop resistance Compartments: Main padded laptop section Zippered front organizer for cables, mouse, notebook, and accessories Compartments: Main padded laptop section Zippered front organizer for cables, mouse, notebook, and accessories Carry Options: Top retractable waterproof TPU handle Adjustable and removable shoulder strap Luggage trolley strap on the back Carry Options: Top retractable waterproof TPU handle Adjustable and removable shoulder strap Luggage trolley strap on the back Zippers: High-quality YKK zippers for smooth operation Design: Slim profile, minimalist look, available in Black and Gray Suitable for: Business, school, travel, and daily professional use
RK61 RGB Mechanical Keyboard – Compact 60% keyboard with Blue switches, tri-mode (Bluetooth/2.4GHz/Wired), and vibrant RGB.Perfect for minimal desk setups and wireless performance with a unique W-W-B color design. Model: Royal Kludge RK61 Layout: 60% compact (61 keys, no numpad or F-row) Switch Type: Blue Mechanical Switches (clicky + tactile feedback) Backlight: RGB with multiple lighting modes & effects Connection Modes (3C): Bluetooth 5.0 – Pair with up to 3 devices Wired USB-C – For gaming and charging 2.4GHz Wireless (on 3-mode models) Connection Modes (3C): Bluetooth 5.0 – Pair with up to 3 devices Wired USB-C – For gaming and charging 2.4GHz Wireless (on 3-mode models) Battery: 1450mAh rechargeable battery Keycaps: ABS double-shot (W-W-B colorway: White-White-Black) Hot-Swappable: No (unless stated on specific variant) Compatibility: Windows, macOS, Android, iOS Anti-Ghosting: Full N-Key rollover Software Support: RK software for key remapping and RGB control (Windows only) Build Material: ABS plastic case, plastic plate Cable: Detachable USB-C cable included Dimensions: Approx. 290 x 100 x 40 mm Weight: ~500g
WiWU Waterproof Large Capacity Minimalist Backpack Business Laptop Backpack Bags with Multi-Pockets For digital gadgets Minimalist Style Water-resistant material,Polyester Large Capacity Have Stock Size:15.6 inch
Genuine-spec touchpad flex cable for MacBook Pro 15″ (Model A1707, 2016–2017)—restores full Force Touch functionality, haptic feedback, and precise multi-touch gesture control during trackpad repair or replacement. Compatible With: MacBook Pro 15″ (2016) – Model A1707 (Model Identifier: MacBookPro13,2) MacBook Pro 15″ (2017) – Model A1707 (Model Identifier: MacBookPro14,2) MacBook Pro 15″ (2016) – Model A1707 (Model Identifier: MacBookPro13,2) MacBook Pro 15″ (2017) – Model A1707 (Model Identifier: MacBookPro14,2) Part Type: Touchpad flex cable only — does not include the trackpad housing, Taptic Engine, or mounting hardware. This is the OEM-style ribbon cable that connects the trackpad to the logic board. Function: Transmits: Touch input coordinates Force Touch pressure data Haptic feedback signals to the Taptic Engine Enables full macOS gesture support: Force Click, three-finger lookup, swipe navigation, pinch-to-zoom, and smooth cursor tracking. Touch input coordinates Force Touch pressure data Haptic feedback signals to the Taptic Engine Enables full macOS gesture support: Force Click, three-finger lookup, swipe navigation, pinch-to-zoom, and smooth cursor tracking. OEM-Quality Build: Matches Apple’s original specifications in: Cable length and routing path Connector pitch and ZIF latch design EMI shielding and flex durability Cable length and routing path Connector pitch and ZIF latch design EMI shielding and flex durability Common Use Cases: Replacing a torn, creased, or liquid-damaged original flex cable Completing a trackpad replacement when the original cable is compromised Fixing intermittent trackpad behavior, loss of Force Touch, or complete unresponsiveness Replacing a torn, creased, or liquid-damaged original flex cable Completing a trackpad replacement when the original cable is compromised Fixing intermittent trackpad behavior, loss of Force Touch, or complete unresponsiveness Installation Note: Requires full bottom case removal and battery disconnection. Cable routes under internal components near the right speaker and logic board. Connects via a ZIF (Zero Insertion Force) socket—must be aligned carefully and latched gently. Recommended for experienced or certified technicians only. Requires full bottom case removal and battery disconnection. Cable routes under internal components near the right speaker and logic board. Connects via a ZIF (Zero Insertion Force) socket—must be aligned carefully and latched gently. Recommended for experienced or certified technicians only.
WiWU A821CH 8‑in‑1 Stand & Dock – A foldable aluminum laptop stand with a built-in 8‑port USB‑C dock (two USB‑A, two USB‑C, HDMI 4K30, SD/TF, Gigabit Ethernet, PD 100 W).Enhances comfort, cooling, and functionality—perfect for decluttered, professional work setups. Model: WiWU A821CH Design: Sturdy aluminum alloy stand with foldable, portable design, hollow surface for cooling, and silicone pads to prevent slips Dimensions & Weight: Compact when folded (~400 g in aluminum) Docking Hub Ports: 2 × USB-C ports 2 × USB‑A 3.0 ports 1 × HDMI (up to 4K@30 Hz) SD + micro‑SD card slots 1 × RJ‑45 Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps) Docking Hub Ports: 2 × USB-C ports 2 × USB‑A 3.0 ports 1 × HDMI (up to 4K@30 Hz) SD + micro‑SD card slots 1 × RJ‑45 Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps) Power Delivery: USB-C PD 3.0 supports up to 100 W—can charge a laptop while using other ports Connectivity: HDMI supports up to 4K@30 Hz; Ethernet up to Gigabit speed Stand Features: Detachable base—can use stand and hub together or separately, with adjustable ergonomic angles and vents for airflow Durability: Aluminum alloy with frosted texture, scratch-resistant finish, tested to executive standards
2022 Original New 13" A2681 LCD Screen for MacBook Air M2 EMC 4074 A2681 LCD Screen Replacement 2022 Original New 13″ A2681 LCD Screen for MacBook Air M2 EMC 4074 A2681 LCD Screen Replacement Compatible Model: For MacBook Air 13″ M2 A2681 Screen Display Replacement 2022 Year (Silver) Item Condition: New; Screen Size: 13.6″; Resolution: 2560×1664; Color: Silver.(This is the display replacement accessory is not a laptop) Note: Please be careful to take the screen out of the box. This product should be very careful when installed, we are not responsible for the damage in the process of installation. Please confirm the model and color before buying, do not buy the wrong product. If you have any questions, please get in touch with us.
The HyperX Pulsefire Haste 2 Core Wireless is an ultra-lightweight, high-performance gaming mouse designed for speed, precision, and long-lasting comfort. Featuring dual-mode wireless connectivity and an operating weight of just 70 grams, it delivers low-latency competitive gaming powered by a single AAA battery. ✅ Full Specifications: Model: HyperX Pulsefire Haste 2 Core Wireless (White Edition / 8R2E7AA) Interface / Connection: Dual Wireless Connection Modes: High-speed 2.4GHz Wireless (via included USB-A nano receiver) Bluetooth 5.2 (Power-efficient mode for casual use and multi-device pairing) Interface / Connection: Dual Wireless Connection Modes: High-speed 2.4GHz Wireless (via included USB-A nano receiver) Bluetooth 5.2 (Power-efficient mode for casual use and multi-device pairing) Performance & Sensor: Sensor Type: HyperX Custom Core Optical Sensor Max Resolution: Up to 12,000 DPI DPI Presets: 400 / 800 / 1600 / 3200 DPI Tracking Speed: 300 IPS Acceleration: 35G Polling Rate: Up to 1,000Hz (1ms response time) Performance & Sensor: Sensor Type: HyperX Custom Core Optical Sensor Max Resolution: Up to 12,000 DPI DPI Presets: 400 / 800 / 1600 / 3200 DPI Tracking Speed: 300 IPS Acceleration: 35G Polling Rate: Up to 1,000Hz (1ms response time) Switches & Durability: Main Left/Right Switches: Tactile TTC Gold Switches Switch Lifespan: Rated for up to 20 million clicks Total Buttons: 6 programmable buttons (including 2 thumb side buttons) Switches & Durability: Main Left/Right Switches: Tactile TTC Gold Switches Switch Lifespan: Rated for up to 20 million clicks Total Buttons: 6 programmable buttons (including 2 thumb side buttons) Material & Build: Durable solid-upper shell with low-friction PTFE skates for seamless gliding across cloth mouse pads Design & Form Factor: Lightweight, symmetrical ergonomic frame suitable for various grip styles (palm, claw, fingertip) Lighting Effects: Customizable onboard LED RGB lighting Battery & Power: Battery Type: User-replaceable, 1x AAA Alkaline Battery Battery Life: Up to 100 hours (on 2.4GHz mode) or up to 200 hours (on Bluetooth mode) Battery & Power: Battery Type: User-replaceable, 1x AAA Alkaline Battery Battery Life: Up to 100 hours (on 2.4GHz mode) or up to 200 hours (on Bluetooth mode) Security & Software: Fully compatible with HyperX NGENUITY software for button remapping, macro recording, and custom RGB profile management Compatibility: PC, Xbox Series X|S, Xbox One, PlayStation 5 (PS5), PlayStation 4 (PS4), and Mac Dimensions: Approx. 124.3 x 66.8 x 38.2 mm Weight: Mouse Only: Approx. 60 grams Operating Weight (with AAA battery): Approx. 70 grams Weight: Mouse Only: Approx. 60 grams Operating Weight (with AAA battery): Approx. 70 grams
LENOVO 11.1V or 11.4V 24Wh 68 Laptop Battery 0C52861 45N1124 45N1775 45N1126 45N1127 For Lenovo ThinkPad X240 X240S X250 X260 X270 T440 T440S T450 T450S T460 T460P T470P T550 T560 W550 L450 L460 About this item Battery Type: 3-Cell Lithium-Ion Voltage &Capacity :11.1V 24Wh 2.09AH or 11.4V 24Wh 2.06Ah , in fact , 11.1V is same as 11.4V , because one cell voltage is 3.7V or 3.8V . SANISI Concept: The customer is god, Product Quality and Service must be perfect! We will let every customer feel satisfied Package Contents: 1 pcs Brand New Battery
Genuine-spec US layout keyboard replacement for MacBook Air 13″ (Model A2338, 2020)—featuring Apple’s reliable Magic Keyboard with scissor-switch mechanism, backlighting, and full OEM fit for seamless repair. Compatible With: MacBook Air 13-inch (2020, Model A2338) – includes both Intel Core i3/i5/i7 and M1 chip variants. Keyboard Type: Apple’s Magic Keyboard with scissor-switch mechanism—offering improved durability, quieter typing, and 1mm key travel compared to older Butterfly keyboards. Layout: Standard US English (QWERTY), with full-size keys, inverted-T arrow keys, and dedicated function row. Integrated Features: Backlit keys for low-light use, ambient light sensor compatibility, and original-style ribbon cable connector for direct logic board connection. Precision Fit: Engineered to match Apple’s exact dimensions and mounting points—ensures flush alignment within the original top case. Installation Note: The keyboard is adhered to the top case and requires careful removal and re-gluing. Full disassembly is needed. Recommended for skilled technicians or professional repair centers.
HP 135W Multifunction Laser Print Speed: Fast and efficient printing with 20ppm. Printing Technology: Utilizes laser printing technology for precise and professional-quality documents. Multifunction Capability: All-in-one functionality for printing, scanning, and copying needs. Connectivity Options: Offers both wired and wireless connectivity options for versatile use. Compact Design: Space-saving design ideal for home offices and small workspaces. User-Friendly Interface: Easy-to-use interface for seamless operation. Energy Efficiency: Designed with energy-saving features to promote sustainability. Ideal for Home and Small Offices: Tailored for users seeking a compact and capable solution for their printing needs. Click for more info
256GB SSD Apple Macbook Pro Air 2013 2014 2015 A1502 A1398 A1466 A1465 | Samsung MZ-JPU512T/A06 | 655-1805D ORIGINAL APPLE PART (Apple sources their SSD’s for MacBooks from Samsung) A1502 – A1398 – A1465 – A1466 100% TESTED WORKING Please check compatibility below before you make your purchase: COMPATIBILITY: MacBook Pro Retina Late 2013 – Mid-2015 MacBookPro11,1 (A1502) – ME864LL/A, ME866LL/A, ME867LL/A, MGX72LL/A, MGX92LL/A, & MGXD2LL/A MacBookPro11,2 (A1398) – ME293LL/A & MGXA2LL/A MacBookPro11,3 (A1398) – ME294LL/A, ME874LL/A, MGXC2LL/A, & MGXG2LL/A MacBookPro11,4 (A1398) – MJLQ2LL/A MacBookPro11,5 (A1398) – MJLT2LL/A & MJLU2LL/A MacBookPro12,1 (A1502) – MF839LL/A, MF841LL/A, & MF843LL/A MacBook Air Mid-2013 – Late 2015 MacBookAir6,1 (A1465) – MD711LL/A, MD760LL/A, MD711LL/B, & MF067LL/A MacBookAir6,2 (A1466) – MD760LL/A, MD760LL/B, & MF068LL/A MacBookAir7,1 (A1465) – MJMVM2LL/A MacBookAir7,2 (A1466) – MJVE2LL/A Model Identifier: Samsung Manufacturer Part# MZ-JPU512T/A06
Compact and stylish with a zinc alloy shell, the SatcOp 8‑in‑1 USB‑C Multiport Dock delivers essential ports—Ethernet, HDMI, USB, card readers, and charging—in one portable adapter. Ideal for powering your laptop while expanding connectivity on the go. 🖥️ HDMI Port – Connect to external displays in Full HD or 4K (depending on your host device). 🌐 RJ45 Ethernet Port – Provides stable wired internet access with gigabit-speed support. ⚡ USB-C PD Charging – Power your laptop while using other ports (up to 87W pass-through). 🔌 USB 3.0 & USB 2.0 Ports – Connect flash drives, external storage, keyboards, and mice. 💾 SD & TF Card Readers – Quick access to camera and device storage cards. 🧊 Material – Premium zinc alloy casing for durability and efficient heat dissipation. 💼 Design – Slim, lightweight, and perfect for travel, home, or office setups. 💻 Compatibility – Works with most USB-C laptops, including Windows, macOS, Chrome OS, and select Android tablets.
A premium ultralight pre-owned Lenovo ThinkPad T14s Gen 3 with 14" display, AMD Ryzen 7 6850U, 16GB RAM, and 512GB SSD—delivering exceptional performance, all-day battery life, and workstation-class integrated graphics in a featherlight business laptop.
This is a logic board (motherboard) for the MacBook Pro 15" model A1398 (year 2015) with an Intel Core i7 processor and 16 GB of RAM. It’s the central brain of the laptop—everything else plugs into it. If your MacBook won’t turn on, has hardware faults, or logic-board damage, replacing this can restore full functionality (just make sure you choose the right version). This is a logic board (motherboard) for the MacBook Pro 15″ model A1398 (year 2015) with an Intel Core i7 processor and 16 GB of RAM. It’s the central brain of the laptop—everything else plugs into it. If your MacBook won’t turn on, has hardware faults, or logic-board damage, replacing this can restore full functionality (just make sure you choose the right version). This logic board is a high-quality replacement for the 2015 MacBook Pro 15″ Retina (model A1398). It features: Processor: Intel Core i7 (various speed variants) Memory: 16 GB soldered RAM (non-upgradeable) Graphics: Depending on version, either integrated Intel Iris Pro or dual graphics (Intel + AMD Radeon R9 M370X) Chipset & Board Info: Part numbers like 820-00138-A, 820-00163-A are common for these boards Compatibility / Model IDs: Works with MacBookPro11,4 / MacBookPro11,5 (EMC numbers 2909 / 2910) for 2015 A1398 models Ports & I/O Integrated: USB 3.0, HDMI, Thunderbolt 2, SD card slot, audio jack, etc. (same as original MacBook Pro 2015) Storage Interface: PCIe SSD slot (Apple’s proprietary SSD interface) Power & Connectors: Logic board includes connections for battery, fans, display, keyboard, trackpad, I/O board flex cables, etc. Condition / Variants: These boards are often “used / tested” when sold as replacements. Always check that all ports and soldered chips are intact. Risks & Notes: You must match the correct board variant (integrated vs dual GPU) or you can face compatibility issues or missing graphics functions.
