A compact and powerful pre-owned HP ProBook x360 435 G8 with 13.3" non-touch display, AMD Ryzen 7 5800U, 16GB RAM, and 512GB SSD—offering strong performance and 360° versatility without touch, ideal for professionals and students on the go.
Acer V227Q BIV Monitor Aspect Ratio 16:9 MasterFormat® Number 11 28 00 Model Number *227Q Power Supply No Screen Size (in.) 21.5 3 Years Warranty
MARSRIVA Smart Mini DC UPS KP2 Series | 18 Watts 10000mAh | 0ms AC to DC Transfer | Flame Retardant | Wall Mount Slots | 1 x Passive PoE, 2 x DC and 1 x USB Output Ports | KP2 BLACK Keep Wi-Fi Power On Output:18W (Max.) or 30W (Max.) ● With 1 * Passive PoE, 2 * DC and 1 * USB output ports, DC UPS can power up multiple devices simultaneously. ● AC to DC 0ms transfer technology keeps your devices working when electricity is ON/OFF shifting. ● With wall-mount slots on the back, DC UPS can be mounted on the wall easily. ● Air cooling system provides maximum heat dissipation, ensuring the long-term stability of UPS. ● V-0 flame retardant product housing secures you and your property. ● 16000mAh high-capacity battery (KP2 Plus, KP2 Ultra) provides longer backup time. ● 30W high-power output (KP2 Pro, KP2 Ultra) provides better compatibility.
Arabic Language Silicone Keyboard Cover Skin for MacBook Air 13" Macbook Pro with / without Retina Display 13"15" 17" MC184LL/B, NOT COMPATIBLE WITH NEW MacBook Air 13” A1932 (Black) Arabic Language Silicone Keyboard Cover Skin for MacBook Air 13″ Macbook Pro with / without Retina Display 13″15″ 17″ MC184LL/B, NOT COMPATIBLE WITH NEW MacBook Air 13” A1932 (Black) About this item Only compatible with MacBook Air 13″ (Model: A1369 & A1466) , MacBook Pro 13-Inch with DVD Drive (Model: A1278), Pro 13 inch with Retina Display (Model: A1425 & A1502), Pro 15 inch with DVD Drive (Model: A1286), Pro 15 inch with Retina Display (Model: A1398), Pro 17 inch (Model: A1297) and Apple Wireless Bluetooth Keyboard MC184LL/B (A1314). NOT COMPATIBLE WITH NEWEST MacBook Air 13″ 2018 (Model: A1932) Fit for American Version( “Enter” key is a rectangle), DO NOT FIT FOR Europe Version (“Enter” key looks like “7”) Extra slim silicone skin, made it easier for typing. Soft silicone can ELIMINATE THE SOUND when typing FLEXIBLE, WASHABLE, easy to apply and remove for cleaning or disinfecting. Manufactured to the highest quality available, Ultra thin design lets you open and close your computer without any affection
BenQ PD3205U 32” 4K UHD IPS Monitor | 3840×2160 | 3 Years Warranty is a professional 32-inch display designed for productivity, creative work, and Mac/PC users who need accurate colors and a large workspace. It uses a 31.5-inch IPS panel with 4K UHD resolution (3840×2160). Therefore, it delivers sharp text, clear images, and high pixel density for multitasking and design work. In addition, it supports 99% sRGB and 99% Rec.709 color coverage for consistent and accurate color output. Moreover, it includes HDR10 support with up to 350 nits peak brightness. As a result, it improves contrast in supported HDR content while maintaining stable SDR performance. In addition, the monitor uses a 1000:1 contrast ratio for balanced image depth. The PD3205U features a 60Hz refresh rate and 5ms response time. Therefore, it focuses on productivity rather than competitive gaming. In addition, the IPS panel provides wide 178° viewing angles for consistent visuals from different positions. Connectivity includes USB-C with up to 90W power delivery. As a result, it can charge a laptop while sending video, data, and audio through a single cable. In addition, it supports HDMI 2.0, DisplayPort 1.4, USB-A, USB-B, and a built-in KVM switch for multi-device control. Furthermore, it includes Eye-Care technologies such as Flicker-Free and Low Blue Light modes. Therefore, it helps reduce eye strain during long work sessions. In addition, the ergonomic stand supports height, tilt, swivel, and pivot adjustments for better comfort. Finally, the BenQ PD3205U delivers a large 4K workspace, accurate color performance, and full USB-C docking functionality for professional and Mac-based workflows. Specifications: Display: 32-inch IPS panel with 3840×2160 4K UHD resolution Color: 99% sRGB and 99% Rec.709 coverage Brightness: 250 nits typical, up to 350 nits HDR peak Connectivity: USB-C 90W, HDMI 2.0, DP 1.4, USB hub, KVM switch Ergonomics: Height, tilt, swivel, pivot adjustable stand with Eye-Care features
LG UltraFine 27 inch 4K UHD IPS Monitor 27US550-W is designed for clear visuals, accurate colors, and daily productivity. It features a 27-inch IPS display with 4K UHD resolution for detailed viewing. Additionally, it supports HDR10 and up to 90% DCI-P3 color coverage. Therefore, it works well for office tasks, content viewing, and creative work. The LG UltraFine 27 inch 4K UHD IPS Monitor 27US550-W delivers 3840 x 2160 resolution with a 60Hz refresh rate and 5ms response time. Moreover, it includes 300 nits typical brightness and a 1000:1 contrast ratio for balanced image quality. It offers two HDMI ports, one DisplayPort, and a headphone out for flexible connectivity. In addition, the stand supports tilt, height, swivel, and pivot adjustment for better comfort. Furthermore, the monitor includes features like Flicker Safe, Reader Mode, Black Stabilizer, and LG Switch for multitasking. As a result, users can improve comfort and workflow during long work sessions. It also supports VESA 100 x 100 mm wall mounting for flexible desk setups. Specifications: 27-inch IPS display with 3840 x 2160 4K UHD resolution HDR10 support with up to 90% DCI-P3 color gamut 60Hz refresh rate with 5ms response time 2 HDMI ports, 1 DisplayPort, and headphone out Tilt, height, swivel, and pivot adjustable stand
Acer KA240Ybi 24´´ FHD LED 75Hz Monitor – Display diagonal: 60.5 cm (23.8) – Display resolution: 1920 x 1080 pixels – HD type: Full HD – Display technology: LCD – Response time: 4 ms – Native aspect ratio: 16:9 – Viewing angle horizontal: 178° Viewing angle – vertical: 178°. Built-in speaker(s). – Built-in USB hub. – VESA mounting Height adjustment Specifications: Acer KA240Ybi 24´´ FHD LED 75Hz Monitor Display diagonal: 60.5 cm (23.8) – Display resolution: 1920 x 1080 pixels – HD type: Full HD – Display technology: LCD – Response time: 4 ms
HUAWEI IdeaHub S3 IHS3-86SA is an 86-inch collaboration device designed for modern meeting spaces. It delivers 4K UHD visuals and a dual-lens camera with five-times zoom, ensuring every participant sees clearly. Furthermore, it supports interactive meetings with smart annotation and AI-powered tools. The display features infrared multi-touch with up to 32 touch points and 16ms latency. Therefore, handwriting and annotations respond naturally and smoothly. In addition, the D-LED 86-inch panel runs at 60Hz, offering vibrant and stable visuals for presentations and content sharing. Audio performance comes from a 24-microphone array and a 70W speaker system with 15-meter pickup. Consequently, everyone hears clearly even in large rooms. HarmonyOS runs natively, and you can integrate Windows via OPS for flexible usage. Moreover, the device provides smart whiteboard tools, AI Vision Engine, Smart Control 2.0, and 9-pane projection. These features make comparing materials effortless. In addition, connectivity options include Wi-Fi 6, Bluetooth, NFC, HDMI, USB, and Type-C ports, which allow seamless collaboration. As a result, HUAWEI IdeaHub S3 IHS3-86SA boosts productivity and engagement in professional environments. Specifications: 86-inch 4K UHD display with dual-lens 4K camera and 5x zoom Supports up to 32 touch points with 16ms latency 24-mic array and 70W speaker system with 15-meter pickup Smart whiteboard, AI Vision Engine, Smart Control 2.0, and 9-pane projection 8-core CPU, 12GB RAM, 128GB storage, Wi-Fi 6, Bluetooth, and NFC
Smooth, precise, and completely wireless. The Apple Magic Trackpad brings the best laptop navigation to your desktop. Available in both White and Black, it features a large glass surface, Force Touch technology for deeper control, and a modern USB-C port for easy charging. It connects instantly to your Mac or iPad and keeps running for a month or more on a single charge. Make navigating your computer effortless with the Apple Magic Trackpad (A3120). Designed with a wide, smooth glass surface, it lets you swipe, scroll, and zoom using the same natural hand gestures you use on a laptop. It is the perfect tool to keep your desk clean and your workflow productive. Key Features: Force Touch: Built-in sensors know how hard you press, letting you click deeper to open previews, look up definitions, and reveal hidden menus. Large Glass Surface: The spacious edge-to-edge design gives you plenty of room to scroll through large documents or edit photos comfortably. Updated with USB-C: Now features a universal USB-C port for charging and pairing, matching all your modern cables. Long Battery Life: The built-in rechargeable battery lasts about a month or more before needing a quick recharge. Easy Setup: Pairs automatically with your Mac via Bluetooth right out of the box, with no complicated configuration needed. Sleek Colors: Choose between classic White or premium Black to perfectly match your desktop setup. Specifications at a Glance: Model: A3120 Colors: White / Black Connection: Wireless / Bluetooth / USB-C Surface: Premium Edge-to-Edge Glass Compatibility: Mac and iPad
The HP Series 7 Pro 27″ 2K 165Hz Gaming Monitor delivers crisp, sharp visuals for games, work, and media. Its 2K resolution shows more detail than FHD. The 27-inch size gives ample space for immersive scenes and multitasking. This helps you see more content and stay productive. Moreover, the HP Series 7 Pro 27″ 2K 165Hz Gaming Monitor features a high 165 Hz refresh rate. This refresh rate makes motion smoother and cleaner on screen. Fast-paced games and action scenes appear smoother and responsive. This reduces blur and improves reaction time. In addition, the monitor offers low response time for precise input. Quick response helps reduce ghosting and keeps fast visuals sharp. It makes your movements feel accurate during gameplay. This enhances gaming performance, especially in competitive titles. Furthermore, the HP Series 7 Pro 27″ 2K 165Hz Gaming Monitor uses a high-quality panel with bright colors and good contrast. Colors stay strong and true under different viewing angles. Also, the monitor supports multiple connection options like HDMI and DisplayPort. This allows easy setup with PCs, laptops, or consoles. The installation is simple, and connections are stable. This makes it ready quickly for gaming or work. The monitor’s design is modern and minimal. The slim bezels offer a sleek look that fits many setups. The stand is stable and supports adjustable viewing angles. The build feels solid, adding long-term durability. Overall, the HP Series 7 Pro 27″ 2K 165Hz Gaming Monitor provides strong performance, sharp visuals, and smooth motion. It improves gaming, creative work, and daily tasks. It fits gamers, designers, and professionals who want quality and speed in one display. Specifications: Display : 27″ IPS Resolution : QHD 2560×1440 Refresh Rate : 165Hz Response Time : 5ms
HT03XL L11119-855 Laptop Battery for HP Pavilion 14-CE 14-CF 14-DF 15-CS 15-DA 15-DB 15-DW 17-by 17-CA Series 15-CS0053CL 15-DW0033NR 15-DA0014DX L11421-542 L11421-2C2 HSTNN-UB7J HSTNN-DB8R HT03041XL About this item Compatible with: HP HT03XL Battery, for HP Pavilion 14-CE 14-CF 14-CK 14-cm 14-DF 14-MA 14Q-CS 14Q-CY 14S-CF 14S-CR 15-CS 15-CW 15-DA 15-DB 15G-DR 15T-DA 15T-DB 17-by 17-CA Series 14-CE0000 14-CE0020TX 14-CE0025TX 14-CE0027TU 14-CE0028TX 14-CE0029TX 14-CE0030TX 14-CE0034TX 14-CE1058WM 14-CE0068ST 14-CE1056WM 14-CE0064ST 14-CE0006DX 14-CF0000 14-CF0014DX 14-CF1015CL 14-CM0000 14-CM0020NR 14-CM0012NR 14Q-CS0000 14Q-CS0006TU 15-CR0000 15-CR0087CL 15-CR0052OD 15-CR0055OD 15-CR0037WM 15-CR0051CL 15-CR0091MS 15-CR0010NR Replacement Battery for HP Pavilion 15-CS0000 15-CS2010NR 15-CS025CL 15-CS2073CL 15-CS2079NR 15-CS1063CL 15-CS0072WM 15-CS0051WM 15-CS1065CL 15-CW0000 15-CW1063WM 15-DA0000 15-DA0066CL 15-DA0002DX 15-DA0079NR 15-DA1005DX 15-DA0032WM 15-DA0033WM 15-DA0073MS 15-DA0012DX 15-DA0071MS 15-DA0086OD 15-DB0000 15-DB0015DX 15-DB0031NR 15-DB0011DX 15-DB0066WM 15-DB0005DX 15-DB0048NR 15-DB0051OD 15-DB0048CA 17-BY0000 17-BY1053DX 17-BY1033DX 17-BY0060NR 17-BY0021DX 17-BY0053CL 17-BY0021CY 17-BY1055CL Laptop Compatible for HP Pavilion 240 G7, 245 G7, 250 G7, 255 G7, 340 G5, 348 G5 Series;P/N: HSTNN-DB8R HSTNN-DB8S HSTNN-IB80 HSTNN-IB8O HSTNN-LB8L HSTNN-LB8M HSTNN-UB7J HT03041XL HTO3XL HT03XL L11119-855 L11421-1C1 L11421-1C2 L11421-2C1 L11421-2C2 L11421 -2C3 L11421-2D1 L11421-2D2 L11421-421 L11421-422 L11421-423 L11421-542 L11421-544 L11421-545 TPN-C136 TPN-I130 TPN-I131 TPN-I132 TPN-I133 TPN-I134 TPN-Q207 TPN-Q208 TPN-Q209 TPN-Q210 Specifications: ht03xl battery for hp, Battery Type: Li-ion Voltage: 11.55V Capacity: 41.7WH 3470mAh;Cells: 3-cell; Color: Black Packages includes: l11119-855 hp battery, with Two Free Screwdrivers; HTO3XL Battery for hp model 15-cs0085cl 15-cs0073cl 15-cs3075cl 15-cs3073c 15t-cs300 15t-cs200 15-da0021cy 15-da0011la 15t-db000 14-cf0013dx 14-cf0051od 15-ef0023dx Compatible devices: HP HT03XL Rechargeable li-ion Battery, for HP Pavilion 14-CE 14-CF 14-CK 14-cm 14-DF 14-DH 14-MA 14Q-CS 14Q-CY 14S-CF 14S-CR 15-CS 15-CW 15-DA 15-DB 15G-DR 15T-DA 15T-DB 17-by 17-CA Series 15-cs0053cl 15-cs1063cl 15-cs2064st 15-cs3063cl 15-cs3075cl 15t-cs200 15-da0032wm 15-da0014dx 17-by0063cl 17-by2075cl 17-by0071cl 17-by1022cl 17-by0088cl 17-by0062st 17-by0020cy 17-by0017cy 17-by1003cy 17-ca1010ds 17-by0019ds 17-by2003ca 17-by3613dx 17-by1972cl 17-ca1031dx 17-ca1061nr 17-ca0054cl
WiWU Skin Zero Sleeve – Ultra-thin Lycra laptop case with faux-fur lining and scratch-resistant protection, available in multiple sizes.Sleek, featherlight, and travel-ready for everyday carry without the bulk. Model: WiWU Skin Zero Sleeve Sizes: Available for 13″, 14″, and 16″ laptops Material: Eco-friendly water-resistant Lycra exterior Interior: Faux-fur lining to protect against scratches and minor bumps Design: Ultra-slim profile that fits easily into backpacks or briefcases Weight: Approximately 280–330 g, depending on size Colors: Black, Gray, Purple, Burgundy Closure: Secure magnetic or zipper closure (varies by version) Features: Lightweight, minimal branding, soft internal cushioning, stylish and durable build
The LG 27UP850K 27″ 4K UHD UltraFine Monitor delivers amazing image quality and performance. It features a 27-inch 4K UHD display that shows every detail clearly. With four times the resolution of Full HD, images look sharper and more lifelike. This monitor is perfect for professionals and creators. It supports HDR400, which brings brighter highlights and deeper contrast. Colors appear rich and accurate, ideal for photo or video editing. The IPS panel ensures wide viewing angles with consistent color. Whether you’re working or watching movies, visuals stay clear from every side. It’s built for comfort and productivity in any workspace. The LG 27UP850K Monitor also includes USB-C connectivity for easy setup. You can connect your laptop, transfer data, and charge with one cable. This feature keeps your desk clean and organized. The design is sleek and professional. Its slim bezels make it great for dual-monitor setups. The adjustable stand allows tilt, height, and pivot movements for better comfort. Gamers will enjoy smooth performance too. The AMD FreeSync support reduces screen tearing and lag. Fast response time ensures fluid motion in every frame. It also includes built-in speakers for clear and balanced sound. You can enjoy videos or meetings without external speakers. Every feature focuses on convenience and quality. The LG 27UP850K 27″ 4K UHD UltraFine Monitor combines elegance, performance, and precision. It’s the perfect choice for professionals, gamers, and everyday users. Specifications: Display : 27″ IPS Resolution : 4K UHD (3840 x 2160) Refresh Rate : 60Hz Response Rate : 5ms GTG
WIWU Macbook Mate for Macbook Accessories Storage Bag *Two layers with Slim design with big capacity for cards, Coins, cash, passport, tickets, accessroies, mobile phone, etc. *Frond pocket slots are wide enough to accommodate large cell phones like iphone 7 plus making this one of the most important identity protector essentials for men and women *RFID blocking material helps prevent identity theft by blocking RFID signals of 13.56 MHz frequency, used by RFID chips in credit cards and passport
The ViewSonic VG2709-MHU 27″ FHD 75Hz Monitor delivers clear and sharp images for work, study, and daily tasks. Its Full HD resolution shows text and pictures with good clarity. The 27‑inch size gives you enough space to multitask comfortably. This makes work and browsing easier. Moreover, the ViewSonic VG2709‑MHU uses a SuperClear IPS panel for wide viewing angles and consistent color. Colors stay true from the sides without fading or distortion. This helps photos, videos, and graphics look natural and smooth. Even large spreadsheets or documents remain easy to read. In addition, the monitor features a smooth 75 Hz refresh rate. This makes motion feel smoother than standard 60 Hz screens. Scrolling, video playback, and light gaming feel more fluid and comfortable. This reduces motion blur during everyday use. Furthermore, the ViewSonic VG2709-MHU includes eye‑care technology for long hours of work. It offers Flicker‑Free display and a Blue Light Filter to help reduce eye strain. This helps your eyes stay comfortable during long sessions. Also, the monitor offers good connectivity with HDMI, VGA, and USB‑C (with 65W power delivery) ports. This makes it simple to connect laptops, desktops, or other devices quickly. The built-in speakers add convenience for calls, videos, or basic media without extra audio devices. Also the design of the ViewSonic VG2709‑MHU is ergonomic and adjustable. You can tilt, swivel, pivot, and adjust height to find a comfortable view. Overall, the ViewSonic VG2709-MHU 27″ FHD 75Hz Monitor combines clear visuals, smooth performance, eye comfort, and flexible connectivity. It improves productivity, browsing, and light media or gaming. It is a great choice for students, professionals, and everyday users who want a dependable and comfortable display. Specifications: Display : 27″ IPS Resolution : FHD Refresh Rate : 75Hz Response Time : 5ms
The MSI MAG E18 32-inch curved gaming monitor delivers smooth performance and immersive visuals for modern gaming setups. It features a wide display that enhances focus and creates a more engaging experience. Therefore, users can enjoy both casual and competitive gameplay with better visual coverage. Moreover, the WQHD resolution provides clear and detailed images for games and multimedia. The curved design improves viewing comfort and keeps content within your natural field of view. In addition, the 180Hz refresh rate ensures fluid motion during fast-paced scenes. The fast 0.5ms response time reduces motion blur and improves clarity in action sequences. As a result, players gain better control and precision. Furthermore, the panel maintains consistent colors and wide viewing angles, which enhances overall visual quality. In addition, adaptive sync support helps eliminate screen tearing and stuttering. This creates a more stable and enjoyable gaming experience. The monitor also includes multiple connectivity options, allowing easy integration with gaming systems and PCs. MSI MAG E18 32 monitor offers a strong balance of speed, clarity, and immersion. MSI MAG E18 32 monitor is a reliable choice for gamers who want smooth performance and consistent visuals. Specifications: 32-inch WQHD (2560 × 1440) curved display 180Hz refresh rate for smooth gameplay 0.5ms response time for reduced motion blur Curved panel for immersive viewing experience Multiple connectivity ports for flexible setup
Samsung Monitor LS32BG850 32″Neo G8 4K Curved UHD Display Screen Size (Class)32 Flat / CurvedCurved Active Display Size (HxV) (mm)697.306 x 392.234 Screen Curvature1000R Aspect Ratio16:9 Panel TypeVA Brightness (Typical)350 cd/㎡ Peak Brightness (Typical)1000 cd/㎡ Brightness (Min)300 cd/㎡ Contrast Ratio Static1,000,000:1 Dynamic Contrast RatioMega DCR HDR(High Dynamic Range)Quantum HDR 2000 HDR10+Yes Mini LED Local DimmingYes (1,196 zones) HDR10+ GamingYes Resolution3,840 x 2,160 Response Time1ms(GTG) Viewing Angle (H/V)178°/178° Color SupportedMax 1B Color Gamut (DCI Coverage)95% (Typ) Refresh RateMax 240Hz Specifications: Specifications Screen Size (Class)32 Flat / CurvedCurved Active Display Size (HxV) (mm)697.306 x 392.234 Screen Curvature1000R Aspect Ratio16:9 Panel TypeVA Brightness (Typical)350 cd/㎡ Peak Brightness (Typical)1000 cd/㎡ Brightness (Min)300 cd/㎡ Contrast Ratio Static1,000,000:1 3 year warranty
The Apildella Portable Monitor 15.6″ FHD UFYQL gives you clear visuals in a slim and light design. It delivers sharp Full HD resolution for work and entertainment. The screen shows bright colors and smooth images. This makes documents, videos, and games look clear and detailed. Moreover, the Apildella Portable Monitor 15.6″ FHD UFYQL connects easily through USB-C and HDMI. These ports give you quick and simple setup. You can use the monitor without extra adapters. This helps you save time and reduce cable clutter. In addition, the monitor works with laptops, phones, tablets, and gaming consoles. This wide compatibility allows you to use it anywhere. You can work during travel, play games on the go, or extend your desktop. It offers strong flexibility for daily use. Furthermore, the Apildella Portable Monitor 15.6″ FHD UFYQL features a thin frame with a clean design. It fits easily in backpacks and bags. The monitor is lightweight, and this makes it easy to carry. It is a great tool for students and professionals. Also, the monitor includes built-in speakers for simple audio use. They deliver clear sound for calls and videos. The screen also reduces eye strain with eye-care features. This helps you use the monitor comfortably for long hours. The smart cover of the Apildella Portable Monitor 15.6″ FHD UFYQL protects the screen during travel. It also works as a foldable stand. You can set the monitor at different angles for better viewing. This makes work and entertainment more enjoyable. Overall, the Apildella Portable Monitor 15.6″ FHD UFYQL offers portability, clarity, and convenience in one device. It improves productivity and entertainment anywhere you go. It is perfect for travel, study, work, and gaming. Specifications: Display : 15.6″ IPS Resolution : FHD 1920×1080 Refresh Rate : 60Hz Response Time : 5ms
HP 83A Black Toner Cartridge | Works with HP LaserJet Pro M201, HP LaserJet Pro MFP M125, M127, M225 Series | CF283A
Razer DeathAdder Essential – Ergonomic wired gaming mouse with 6,400 DPI sensor and 5 programmable buttons.Trusted for its comfort, precision, and durable build—perfect for casual and competitive gaming. Model: Razer DeathAdder Essential (Black) Sensor Type: Optical DPI: Up to 6,400 DPI (adjustable) Buttons: 5 independently programmable Hyperesponse buttons Switches: Razer Mechanical Switches rated for up to 10 million clicks Tracking Speed: Up to 220 inches per second (IPS) Acceleration: 30G Design: Ergonomic right-handed design Grip Style: Palm grip (with textured side grips) Lighting: Single-color green backlight (Razer logo) Polling Rate: 1000 Hz Cable: Standard USB wired, 1.8 meters (rubber cable) Compatibility: Windows 7, 8, 10, 11 (Razer Synapse support) Weight: Approx. 96g (excluding cable) Software Support: Razer Synapse (for customization & macros)
