Apple MacBook Pro 13” (2015) — reliable performance and classic MacBook design.• Intel Core i5 • 8 GB RAM • 128 GB SSD • Retina DisplaymacOS | Backlit Keyboard
A reliable pre-owned Dell Latitude 5410 with 14" display, 10th Gen Core i5, 8GB RAM, and 256GB SSD—ideal for business users and students seeking solid performance, security, and portability.
The AOC 24″ 100Hz Monitor offers a seamless and smooth viewing experience for all your needs. Whether you’re gaming, working, or enjoying multimedia, this monitor delivers crisp visuals and smooth performance. With a 100Hz refresh rate, the AOC 24″ Monitor ensures fluid motion and reduces screen tearing. This makes it an excellent choice for gamers who demand fast response times and smooth action. The 24-inch display offers Full HD resolution, providing vibrant colors and sharp details. From watching movies to editing documents, the AOC 24″ Monitor delivers high-quality visuals for every task. Designed with user comfort in mind, the AOC Monitor comes with flicker-free technology and a low blue light mode. This helps reduce eye strain during extended use, ensuring a comfortable viewing experience. The slim, modern design of the AOC 24″ Monitor makes it a stylish addition to any workspace or gaming setup. Its compact size fits easily on most desks, while still offering an immersive viewing experience. The AOC Monitor also includes multiple connectivity options, such as HDMI and VGA ports. This allows easy connection to a wide range of devices, including PCs, gaming consoles, and more. In conclusion, the AOC 24″ 100Hz Monitor combines a fast refresh rate, stunning visuals, and user-friendly design. Whether for gaming, work, or entertainment, this monitor provides the quality and performance you need for everyday tasks. Specifications: Display : 24″ V A Resolution : 1920 × 1080 (FHD) Refresh Rate : 100Hz Response Rate : 1ms
The HP M27ha monitor is an affordable option offering optimal screen performance. Firstly the hp M27HA lets you see crisp images and built-in audio to enjoy clear sound. Designed so you can navigate comfortably with HP Blue Light mode, adjustable tilt settings and 3-sided micro edge bezel. Get clear crisp picture quality on the FHD resolution monitor with IPS panel and ultra-wide viewing angles. therefore With the added benefit of Low Blue Light software for increased eye comfort. HP M27ha monitor is Designed to let you see your content comfortably. secondly Find your best view with full function adjustability, a 3-sided micro-edge bezels for unlimited sightlines and virtually seamless multi-display setups[1] plus VESA mounting capability[2]. Fully integrated audio experience. Work and play on one device. Enjoy all your multimedia with a monitor that has convenient stereo audio right on the display for a fully integrated audio experience. Share the panoramic view Crisp picture quality and eye comfort with IPS panel, ultra-wide angles and Low Blue Light. Work comfortably with height adjustable stand and micro edge bezels. Convenient stereo audio for a fully integrated listening experience. you can always check here and if you like to see more options you can always check here! Specifications: Specs Screen size. 68.58 cm (27) Resolution (native) FHD (1920 x 1080) Display type. IPS. Response time. 5ms GtG (with overdrive) Display Input Type. 1 VGA; 1 DisplayPort™ 1.4; 1 HDMI 1.4. Display features. On-screen controls; Pivot rotation; Low blue light mode; Dual speakers (2W per channel); Anti-glare. 1 year warranty
CS03XL Battery for HP Elitebook 745 755 840 848 850 G3 G4, ZBook 15u G3 G4 Laptop, P/N: HSTNN-UB6S HSTNN-IB6Y 800231-141 800513-001 800231-1C1 CS03046XL About this item Battery type: Li-ion ‖ Capacity: 46Wh ‖ Voltage: 11.4V Replacement Battery for HP Elitebook 745 G4 G3, Elitebook 755 G4 G3, Elitebook 840 G4 G3, Elitebook 848 G4 G3, Elitebook 850 G4 G3, ZBook 15u G4 G3 Mobile Workstation. Compatible P/N: 800231-141, 800513-001, CS03XL, CS03, HSTNN-UB6S, HSTNN-IB6Y, HSTNN-I33C-4, HSTNN-I33C-5, HSTNN-I41C-4, HSTNN-I41C-5. Built-in circuit protection ensures both safety and stability. Overcharger and Discharger Circuit Protection.
AOC U32V11N 31.5-inch 4K monitor delivers ultra-clear visuals and large screen workspace for productivity and media use. It focuses on high resolution, strong contrast, and comfortable long-term viewing. Additionally, it features a 31.5-inch VA panel with 4K UHD resolution (3840 × 2160). This resolution provides very fine detail and more screen space, so it improves multitasking and content clarity. Moreover, it supports a 60Hz refresh rate with 4ms GtG response time. As a result, it delivers stable performance for office work, design, and general use. The monitor offers a high 3500:1 contrast ratio with HDR10 support and 10-bit color. Therefore, it enhances color depth and improves brightness and dark scene detail. In addition, it includes Picture-by-Picture and Picture-in-Picture modes. These features allow multiple input sources on one screen, so multitasking becomes more efficient. Furthermore, it includes Low Blue Mode and Flicker-Free technology. So it reduces eye strain during long working hours. The design features a three-sided frameless layout with HDMI 2.0 and DisplayPort 1.4 connectivity. It also supports VESA mounting for flexible setup options. AOC U32V11N 31.5-inch 4K monitor provides sharp visuals, strong contrast, and productivity-focused features for everyday professional use. Specifications: 31.5-inch VA panel with 3840 × 2160 4K UHD resolution 60Hz refresh rate with 4ms GtG response time HDR10 support with 10-bit color depth 3500:1 contrast ratio for deeper blacks and detail PIP and PBP multitasking with HDMI and DisplayPort connectivity
The ViewSonic VG2455 24″ FHD 100Hz Monitor delivers clear visuals for office work and daily use. Its Full HD resolution shows sharp text and smooth image detail. The 24-inch screen offers a balanced size for most desks. This makes it ideal for home and professional setups. Moreover, the ViewSonic VG2455 24″ FHD 100Hz Monitor features a smooth 100 Hz refresh rate. This makes scrolling smoother and video playback more fluid. Motion looks cleaner during fast content. In addition, the monitor uses an IPS panel for wide viewing angles. Colors stay accurate even when viewed from the sides. This helps during team work and shared screen tasks. The image remains stable and clear. Furthermore, the ViewSonic VG2455 24″ FHD 100Hz Monitor includes built-in eye care features. Low blue light mode helps reduce eye strain. The flicker-free design supports long viewing without discomfort. This helps protect your eyes every day. Also, the monitor offers flexible connection options. It supports HDMI, DisplayPort, and USB-C in one display. In addition, the stand supports height, tilt, swivel, and pivot adjustment. You can set the screen for full comfort. Vertical mode helps with coding and reading. This improves posture and daily comfort. Moreover, the slim bezel design gives a clean and modern look. It fits well into any professional workspace. The simple design keeps your desk neat and organized. The monitor blends easily with other screens. Overall, the ViewSonic VG2455 24″ FHD 100Hz Monitor delivers comfort, clarity, and smooth daily performance. It improves workflow and reduces eye strain. This monitor is perfect for office users, students, and home professionals needing a reliable display. Specifications: Display : 24″ IPS Resolution : FHD 1920 x 1080 Refresh Rate : 100Hz Response Time : 5ms
The ViewSonic XG2409 24″ 180Hz Gaming Monitor is built for smooth and responsive gaming performance. With a fast 180Hz refresh rate, it delivers fluid visuals and reduced motion blur, ideal for action-packed games. Its 1ms MPRT response time ensures clear images with minimal ghosting or lag. The SuperClear® IPS panel offers rich colors and wide viewing angles, making every scene vivid and immersive. The ViewSonic XG2409 24″ 180Hz Gaming Monitor features AMD FreeSync™ support, which helps prevent screen tearing and stuttering during gameplay. HDR10 support boosts contrast and detail, offering more lifelike visuals. The Full HD resolution (1920 x 1080) produces sharp and detailed images for gaming, movies, and work. With 250 nits brightness and a 1,000:1 contrast ratio, it maintains clarity even in brighter environments. Connectivity is simple with two HDMI 1.4 ports and one DisplayPort 1.2, giving you flexibility with multiple devices. It also includes a 3.5mm audio output for easy audio integration. Designed with comfort in mind, the monitor stand is adjustable for height, tilt, swivel, and pivot, helping you find the perfect viewing angle. It also supports VESA mounting for custom setups. The anti-glare coating helps reduce screen reflections, making it easier to focus on your game. Its clean, minimal design blends well with any gaming or home office setup. In conclusion, the ViewSonic XG2409 24″ 180Hz Gaming Monitor offers smooth visuals, fast response, and ergonomic features, making it a great choice for gamers who want performance and value. Specifications: Display : 24″ IPS Resolution : 1920 x 1080 FHD Refresh Rate : 180Hz Response Rate : 1ms MPRT
Lenovo ThinkVision T32h-20 61F1GAT2EU The Lenovo ThinkVision T32h-20 .Do more than just optimize your productivity . with the ThinkVision T32h-20 monitor. An enhanced view of and easy navigation. through documents, spreadsheets, or designs on this sleek display that complements your modern workspace. Its vast 31.5-inch screen with QHD resolution delivers more screen real estate with higher clarity than FHD, making data-intensive work, number crunching, and content editing a breeze. The one-cable solution USB Type-C, HDMI, and DP ports provide multiple interface options. Integrated with Smart Power, the USB Type-C also doubles up. as a charger for dynamic consumption and intelligent power management. Top Features 31.5″QHD (2560 x 1440) 3-side Near-edgeless display USB Type-C one cable solution HDMI, DP ports with USB hub Ergonomic and space-saving design & UE Specifications Brightness 350 cd/m2 Contrast ratio 1000:1 Connection type 1 x USB Type-C Gen1 (DP1.2 Alt Mode)4 x USB 3.1 Gen1 ports (Downstream, incl. 1 x BC) Panel type In-Plane Switching Display stand Lift, Tilt, Pivot, Swivel EU energy class E Power requirement AC 100 to 240 V (50-60 Hz) Brand ThinkVision Anti-reflex Yes Color calibration accuracy Yes Color coverage 99% sRGB Color depth 10-bit Color support 1.07 Billion Measure without packaging 235.0 x 469.4 x 714.6 mm, 9.25 x 18.48 x 28.13 inches Gentle on the eyes Yes Screen dimensions (without foot) 714.6 x 426.0 x 51.0 mm, 28.13 x 16.77 x 2.01 inches Height adjustable Yes Kensington lock Yes Almost borderless Yes Sound bar support (optional) Yes Power consumption 28 W Typ. 138 W Max. TCO Edge 2.0 Display weight (without foot) 6.78 kg, 14.95 lbs. Weight with packaging 12.96 kg, 28.57 lbs. Weight without packaging 9.85 kg, 21.72 lbs. Description The Lenovo ThinkVision T32h-20’s large display can be used to open and work on several documents at once Its near bezel-less design fits into any modern workplace. Integrated USB Type-C dock with charging function up to 75 W (1 x USB 3.1 Type-C upstream. 4 x USB 3.1 Type-A downstream) – Smart Power for energy – TÜV Rheinland Eye Comfort Specifications: Specifications Product name Lenovo ThinkVision T32h-20 Monitor Product type Desktop monitor Display Display size 81.3 cm (32.0″) Physical resolution 2.560 x 1.440 WQHD Aspect ratio 16:9 Contrast 1000:1 Brightness 350 cd/m² Panel technology IPS Viewing angle (horizontal / vertical) 178° / 178° Response time 6 ms Display surface Matt Backlight White LED 1 year warranty
The Dell UltraSharp 34 Curved Thunderbolt Hub Monitor transforms your workspace with stunning visuals and seamless connectivity. Ideal for professionals and creatives, this monitor elevates your productivity and entertainment experiences. With its 34-inch curved screen, the Dell UltraSharp Monitor provides an immersive viewing experience. The WQHD resolution ensures sharp and vibrant visuals, making it perfect for detailed work and multimedia consumption. Connectivity is a breeze with the Dell UltraSharp 34 Curved Thunderbolt Hub Monitor. Featuring Thunderbolt 3, USB-C, HDMI, and DisplayPort options, it supports a wide range of devices for a clutter-free workspace. The integrated Thunderbolt hub enhances your workflow by providing power delivery, data transfer, and video output all through a single cable. This simplifies your setup and reduces cable clutter. Designed with comfort in mind, the Dell UltraSharp Monitor offers adjustable height, tilt, and swivel options. You can easily customize your viewing position for maximum comfort during long hours of use. The monitor’s advanced IPS technology ensures consistent color accuracy and wide viewing angles. This makes it ideal for tasks requiring precise color reproduction, such as graphic design and photo editing. Enjoy peace of mind with Dell’s ComfortView feature, which reduces harmful blue light emissions. This helps minimize eye strain, allowing you to work comfortably for extended periods. In conclusion, the Dell UltraSharp 34 Curved Thunderbolt Hub Monitor combines stunning visuals, versatile connectivity, and ergonomic design. Enhance your workspace with this exceptional monitor and boost your productivity and creativity. Specifications: Display : 34″ IPS Resolution : 3440 x 1440 Refresh Rate : 120Hz Response Rate : 5ms
The Maxfree S2 14″ Portable Laptop Screen Extender lets you expand your workspace with dual or triple displays. First, it connects easily via USB-C or HDMI to your laptop. The screen features full HD resolution, anti-glare technology, and a slim, lightweight design for portability. In addition, it supports multiple monitor setups, boosting productivity for work, gaming, or streaming. Moreover, its adjustable stand and foldable design make it easy to carry and set up anywhere. Therefore, users can enjoy a seamless multi-screen experience without compromising desk space or mobility. Specifications: 14″ full HD screen provides sharp visuals for work and entertainment USB-C and HDMI connectivity support dual or triple monitor setups Slim, lightweight design ensures portability and easy setup Adjustable stand and foldable design for versatile positioning Compatible with laptops and devices for seamless multi-screen productivity
Are you in search of a reliable and efficient monitor for work or play? Look no further than the MSI Pro MP245V. This monitor is crafted to elevate your productivity and enhance your overall computing experience. To begin with, the MSI Pro MP245V boasts a sleek and modern design, adding a touch of sophistication to your workspace. Its slim bezels and adjustable stand ensure a comfortable and ergonomic viewing experience. Transitioning seamlessly between work tasks and entertainment, this monitor features a vibrant Full HD display. Enjoy crisp and clear visuals, making it perfect for both professional presentations and immersive gaming sessions. One standout feature is the eye-care technology, reducing eye strain during extended screen time. Say goodbye to discomfort and hello to a more comfortable and enjoyable viewing experience. Connectivity is a breeze with multiple ports, including HDMI and VGA, ensuring compatibility with a variety of devices. Switch effortlessly between your computer, gaming console, and other peripherals. The MSI Pro MP245V’s energy-efficient design is not only good for the environment but also easy on your wallet. Experience high performance without compromising on power consumption. In summary, the MSI Pro MP245V monitor is a versatile and cost-effective solution for anyone seeking a reliable display for work and play. Elevate your productivity and immerse yourself in superior visuals with this exceptional monitor. Upgrade your computing experience with the MSI Pro today! Specifications: Display : 23.8″ Resolution : 1920×1080 FHD Response Rate : 1ms Refresh Rate : 100Hz
TT03XL Laptop Battery Compatible with Hp EliteBook 850 G5 850 G6 ZBook 15U G5 15U G6 Series Notebook 932824-2C1 933322-855 932824-421 HSTNN-LB8H HSTNN-DB8K 11.55V 56Wh 4610mAh About this item 【Battery type】Li-ion. Voltage: 11.55V. Capacity: 56Wh 4610mAh. 【Replacement For Laptop】Hp EliteBook 850 G5 G6, ZBook 15U G5 G6 Series . 【Compatible Part Number】TT03XL 932824-2C1 933322-855 932824-421 HSTNN-LB8H HSTNN-DB8K TTO3XL. 【Connector】Before placing your order, Please refer to the picture and check it. Because the products produced by different factories will have differences in size, cable length, interface, etc. 【Use Skills】If the new battery is not recognized during the initial installation, please reinstall and check if the interface is fully connected. Discharge the new battery to 5% (not 0%), then charge and cycle 3-4 times to wake up the new battery.
A modern pre-owned Dell Latitude 5420 with 14" display, 11th Gen Core i5, 8GB RAM, and 256GB SSD—delivering reliable performance, enterprise security, and all-day productivity in a compact business laptop.
The MSI MAG 274QRFW E20 White Gaming Monitor is built for competitive gaming and immersive entertainment. It features a 27-inch Rapid IPS panel with WQHD (2560×1440) resolution, delivering sharp visuals, wide viewing angles, and accurate colors. In addition, the monitor offers a 200Hz refresh rate and an ultra-fast 0.5ms (GtG) response time. Therefore, it produces smooth gameplay with reduced motion blur in fast-paced games. Moreover, it supports NVIDIA G-SYNC Compatible and AMD FreeSync Premium technologies. As a result, gameplay stays fluid while minimizing screen tearing and stuttering. The DisplayHDR 400 certification also improves contrast and highlights for more lifelike visuals. The monitor includes DisplayPort 1.4a, dual HDMI 2.0b ports, and a headphone output for flexible connectivity. In addition, its ergonomic stand supports height, tilt, swivel, and pivot adjustments for comfortable viewing. Finally, the MSI MAG 274QRFW E20 combines high refresh rates, vibrant colors, and ergonomic flexibility, making it an excellent choice for competitive gamers and content creators. Specifications: Display: 27″ Rapid IPS WQHD (2560×1440) Refresh Rate: 200Hz with 0.5ms (GtG) response time HDR: VESA DisplayHDR 400 certified Sync Technology: NVIDIA G-SYNC Compatible & AMD FreeSync Premium Connectivity: DisplayPort 1.4a, 2× HDMI 2.0b, Headphone Out
The MSI MAG 274CXF 27″ FHD 280Hz Curved Gaming Monitor delivers ultra-smooth motion for competitive gamers and fast action. Its Full HD resolution shows clear images, sharp details, and clean visuals. The 27-inch curved screen gives you immersive viewing and a wide field of vision. This helps you see more game space and stay focused. Moreover, the MSI MAG 274CXF features a blazing 280 Hz refresh rate for lightning-fast visuals. Fast scenes and quick moves look fluid and responsive with minimal blur. The high refresh rate helps you react faster in shooters and action games. In addition, the monitor uses a high-performance panel with strong contrast and rich colors. Blacks are deep and dark scenes feel immersive. The curved 1500R design reduces eye strain and makes long gaming sessions easier. Furthermore, the MSI MAG 274CXF supports Adaptive-Sync technology to match refresh rate and GPU output. This avoids screen tearing and stutter. You get smooth and stable gameplay on PC or console. Also, the monitor offers useful connectivity options like DisplayPort and HDMI. You can connect gaming PCs, laptops, or consoles easily. The slim bezel design gives your setup a clean modern look. It fits well on gaming desks of all sizes. The monitor also includes eye-care features like Flicker-Free and reduced blue light settings. This helps reduce strain during long hours of use. It is ideal for gamers who spend many hours playing. Overall, the MSI MAG 274CXF 27″ FHD 280Hz Curved Gaming Monitor combines speed, smoothness, and immersive design. It boosts your gaming performance, keeps visuals sharp, and ensures comfort during long sessions. It is perfect for competitive gamers and anyone who wants top-tier fluid visuals. Specifications: Display : 27″ Rapid VA Resolution : FHD 1920×1080 Refresh Rate : 280Hz Response Time : 0.5ms Curvature : 1500R
The Lenovo ThinkPad T470s features an Intel Core i5 7th Gen processor, 8GB RAM, and a fast 256GB SSD for smooth everyday performance. With a durable business-grade build and non-touch 14″ display, it’s ideal for professionals, students, and productivity tasks.
Gaming-optimized in-ear headphones in bold red, featuring a built-in microphone, tangle-free flat cable, and signature HyperX comfort—designed for mobile gaming, console use, and on-the-go communication. Model: HyperX Cloud Earbuds (Red Edition) Color: Vibrant Red earbuds with matching red cable accents Type: In-ear headphones with integrated microphone Designed For: Mobile gaming (iOS/Android), Nintendo Switch, PC, and everyday use Key Features: Built-in Microphone: Clear voice pickup for in-game chat, calls, and voice commands Tangle-Free Flat Cable: Durable, lightweight, and resistant to knots Ergonomic Fit: Includes 3 sizes of silicone ear tips (S/M/L) for secure, comfortable wear Universal 3.5mm Jack: Compatible with any device with a standard headphone/mic combo port Works with Nintendo Switch, PC, smartphones, tablets, and more Gaming-Grade Audio: Tuned for immersive sound with enhanced bass and vocal clarity In-Line Controls: Convenient mic mute and call answer/end button Built-in Microphone: Clear voice pickup for in-game chat, calls, and voice commands Tangle-Free Flat Cable: Durable, lightweight, and resistant to knots Ergonomic Fit: Includes 3 sizes of silicone ear tips (S/M/L) for secure, comfortable wear Universal 3.5mm Jack: Compatible with any device with a standard headphone/mic combo port Works with Nintendo Switch, PC, smartphones, tablets, and more Works with Nintendo Switch, PC, smartphones, tablets, and more Gaming-Grade Audio: Tuned for immersive sound with enhanced bass and vocal clarity In-Line Controls: Convenient mic mute and call answer/end button Technical Specifications: Driver Size: 14.2 mm Frequency Response: 20 Hz – 20 kHz Impedance: 60 Ω Sensitivity: 100 dB Cable Length: 1.2 m (3.9 ft) Connector: 3.5mm 4-pole (CTIA standard) Driver Size: 14.2 mm Frequency Response: 20 Hz – 20 kHz Impedance: 60 Ω Sensitivity: 100 dB Cable Length: 1.2 m (3.9 ft) Connector: 3.5mm 4-pole (CTIA standard) What’s in the Box: HyperX Cloud Earbuds (Red) 3 pairs of silicone ear tips (S/M/L) Carrying pouch Quick start guide HyperX Cloud Earbuds (Red) 3 pairs of silicone ear tips (S/M/L) Carrying pouch Quick start guide Ideal For: Mobile gamers (PUBG Mobile, Call of Duty, Fortnite, etc.) Nintendo Switch players Commuters and students needing compact, durable audio Gamers seeking console-compatible audio with mic support Mobile gamers (PUBG Mobile, Call of Duty, Fortnite, etc.) Nintendo Switch players Commuters and students needing compact, durable audio Gamers seeking console-compatible audio with mic support
HP 135W Multifunction Laser Print Speed: Fast and efficient printing with 20ppm. Printing Technology: Utilizes laser printing technology for precise and professional-quality documents. Multifunction Capability: All-in-one functionality for printing, scanning, and copying needs. Connectivity Options: Offers both wired and wireless connectivity options for versatile use. Compact Design: Space-saving design ideal for home offices and small workspaces. User-Friendly Interface: Easy-to-use interface for seamless operation. Energy Efficiency: Designed with energy-saving features to promote sustainability. Ideal for Home and Small Offices: Tailored for users seeking a compact and capable solution for their printing needs. Click for more info
This is a logic board (motherboard) for the MacBook Pro 15" model A1398 (year 2015) with an Intel Core i7 processor and 16 GB of RAM. It’s the central brain of the laptop—everything else plugs into it. If your MacBook won’t turn on, has hardware faults, or logic-board damage, replacing this can restore full functionality (just make sure you choose the right version). This is a logic board (motherboard) for the MacBook Pro 15″ model A1398 (year 2015) with an Intel Core i7 processor and 16 GB of RAM. It’s the central brain of the laptop—everything else plugs into it. If your MacBook won’t turn on, has hardware faults, or logic-board damage, replacing this can restore full functionality (just make sure you choose the right version). This logic board is a high-quality replacement for the 2015 MacBook Pro 15″ Retina (model A1398). It features: Processor: Intel Core i7 (various speed variants) Memory: 16 GB soldered RAM (non-upgradeable) Graphics: Depending on version, either integrated Intel Iris Pro or dual graphics (Intel + AMD Radeon R9 M370X) Chipset & Board Info: Part numbers like 820-00138-A, 820-00163-A are common for these boards Compatibility / Model IDs: Works with MacBookPro11,4 / MacBookPro11,5 (EMC numbers 2909 / 2910) for 2015 A1398 models Ports & I/O Integrated: USB 3.0, HDMI, Thunderbolt 2, SD card slot, audio jack, etc. (same as original MacBook Pro 2015) Storage Interface: PCIe SSD slot (Apple’s proprietary SSD interface) Power & Connectors: Logic board includes connections for battery, fans, display, keyboard, trackpad, I/O board flex cables, etc. Condition / Variants: These boards are often “used / tested” when sold as replacements. Always check that all ports and soldered chips are intact. Risks & Notes: You must match the correct board variant (integrated vs dual GPU) or you can face compatibility issues or missing graphics functions.
