Original MacBook Pro 13″ (A2338) Display Assembly in Silver, including LCD, Retina panel, backlight, camera, Wi-Fi antennas, hinges, and aluminum lid. Compatible with M1 MacBook Pro 13″ (2020). Ideal for replacing cracked, damaged, or faulty screens. ✔️ Complete Display Assembly: Includes LCD, digitizer, housing, hinges, webcam, and antenna modules. ✔️ Retina Resolution: 2560 × 1600 native resolution with True Tone support. ✔️ Genuine Fit for A2338: Designed specifically for the MacBook Pro 13″ (A2338) – M1 2020 model. ✔️ Accurate Color & Brightness: 500 nits brightness, P3 wide color gamut, and high contrast. ✔️ Silver Aluminum Finish: OEM-grade aluminum lid matching the original color and texture. ✔️ Plug-and-Play Replacement: No programming required — direct connector compatibility. ✔️ Ideal for Repair: Suitable for replacing damaged, flickering, bleeding, or cracked screens.
Arabic Keyboard Cover Skin for MacBook Air 13'' (A1369/A1466, NO Touch ID) 2012 -2017 /MacBook Pro 13" 15'' 2013-2015 with or w/out Retina Display Ultra Thin Silicone Keyboard Protector (Black) Arabic Keyboard Cover Skin for MacBook Air 13” (A1369/A1466, NO Touch ID) 2012 -2017 /MacBook Pro 13″ 15” 2013-2015 with or w/out Retina Display Ultra Thin Silicone Keyboard Protector (Black) About this item COMPATIBLE WITH: 2015 and before 2015 version Macbook: 1) MacBook Air 13″ (Models: A1369 and A1466); 2) MacBook Pro 13.3″ (Model: A1278); 3) MacBook Pro 13.3″ with Retina Display (Models: A1502 and A1425, 2013-2012 released); 4) MacBook Pro 15″ with Retina Display (Model: A1398, 2013-2012 released); 5) MacBook Pro 15.4″ Model: A1286 [√] MORE PROTECTION for KEYBOARD: waterproof, dust-proof and dirt-proof design can prevent liquid, dust, cigarette ash, biscuit crumbs falling onto your keyboard to affect your keyboard’s life. [√] ACCURATE KEYS: every key is specially molded, manufactured to the quality available. Flexible, this cover is easy to apply and remove for cleaning [√] SOFT & ULTRA SKIN: ultra thin silicone keyboard cover skin, made it easier for typing. Soft keyboard protector can weaken the sound in typing [XX] ATTENTION!!: NOT FIT FOR: 2020-2016 Released Macbook Pro 13 inch 15 inch with Touch Bar/2020-2018 Released: Macbook Air 13-Inch. You can find the model number on the bottom of the laptop
128GB SSD Apple Macbook Pro Air 2013 2014 2015 A1502 A1398 A1466 A1465 | Samsung MZ-JPU512T/A06 | 655-1805D ORIGINAL APPLE PART (Apple sources their SSD’s for MacBooks from Samsung) A1502 – A1398 – A1465 – A1466 100% TESTED WORKING Please check compatibility below before you make your purchase: COMPATIBILITY: MacBook Pro Retina Late 2013 – Mid-2015 MacBookPro11,1 (A1502) – ME864LL/A, ME866LL/A, ME867LL/A, MGX72LL/A, MGX92LL/A, & MGXD2LL/A MacBookPro11,2 (A1398) – ME293LL/A & MGXA2LL/A MacBookPro11,3 (A1398) – ME294LL/A, ME874LL/A, MGXC2LL/A, & MGXG2LL/A MacBookPro11,4 (A1398) – MJLQ2LL/A MacBookPro11,5 (A1398) – MJLT2LL/A & MJLU2LL/A MacBookPro12,1 (A1502) – MF839LL/A, MF841LL/A, & MF843LL/A MacBook Air Mid-2013 – Late 2015 MacBookAir6,1 (A1465) – MD711LL/A, MD760LL/A, MD711LL/B, & MF067LL/A MacBookAir6,2 (A1466) – MD760LL/A, MD760LL/B, & MF068LL/A MacBookAir7,1 (A1465) – MJMVM2LL/A MacBookAir7,2 (A1466) – MJVE2LL/A Model Identifier: Samsung Manufacturer Part# MZ-JPU512T/A06
The Samsung 32″ 60Hz Smart Monitor M70D offers a premium viewing experience with its 4K UHD resolution. Whether you’re working, watching movies, or gaming, this monitor delivers crystal-clear visuals and vibrant colors. With built-in smart features, the Samsung M70D acts as both a monitor and a smart TV. Stream your favorite shows and movies directly from apps like Netflix, YouTube, and more, without needing a separate device. The 32″ screen size provides plenty of space for multitasking, making it perfect for professionals who need to work on multiple applications at once. Its 60Hz refresh rate ensures smooth visuals, even during fast-moving scenes. Designed for modern connectivity, the Samsung M70D includes USB-C, HDMI, and wireless connectivity options. Easily connect your devices for seamless data transfer, charging, and display in one cable. Its slim and sleek design makes the Samsung 32″ Smart Monitor M70D a stylish addition to any desk or living space. The adjustable stand allows you to tilt the monitor for a more comfortable viewing experience. The Samsung M70D also comes with a built-in remote and voice control capabilities, allowing you to navigate through apps and settings effortlessly. This makes it easy to switch between work and entertainment modes. In conclusion, the Samsung 32″ 60Hz Smart Monitor M70D is the perfect all-in-one solution for your work and entertainment needs. Enjoy 4K clarity, smart features, and versatile connectivity in one sleek device. Specifications: Display : 32″ VA Resolution : 4K (3,840 x 2,160) Refresh Rate : 60Hz Response Time : 4ms GTG
Are you in search of a reliable monitor that combines functionality and style? Look no further than the LG DualUp 28″ Monitor. This comprehensive review will delve into its features, highlighting why it’s an excellent choice for both work and play. Firstly, the dual-screen capabilities of the LG 28″ Monitor provide a seamless multitasking experience. Boost your productivity by effortlessly managing multiple applications side by side, streamlining your workflow. The sleek design of this monitor not only adds a touch of sophistication to your workspace but also ensures practicality. Its slim bezels and adjustable stand contribute to a clutter-free and ergonomic setup, promoting comfort during extended use. With a crisp 4K UHD resolution, this monitor delivers stunning visuals, making it ideal for both work and entertainment. Enjoy sharp images and vibrant colors for a truly immersive experience, whether you’re editing documents or watching your favorite movies. Connectivity is a breeze with the LG 28″ Monitor. Multiple ports, including HDMI and USB-C, offer versatile options for connecting various devices. Say goodbye to cable clutter and hello to a streamlined and organized workspace. The inclusion of reader mode and flicker-safe technology prioritizes your eye health during prolonged use. Reduce eye strain and fatigue, ensuring a comfortable viewing experience for extended periods. In conclusion, the LG DualUp 28″ Monitor is a versatile and stylish addition to any workspace. Its dual-screen capabilities, sleek design, and advanced features make it a top choice for those seeking an enhanced computing experience. Upgrade your setup with the LG DualUp 28″ Monitor today! Specifications: Display : 28″ Nano IPS Resolution : SDQHD (2560 x 2880) Refresh Rate : 60hz Response Time : 5ms GTG
LENOVO 11.1V or 11.4V 24Wh 68 Laptop Battery 0C52861 45N1124 45N1775 45N1126 45N1127 For Lenovo ThinkPad X240 X240S X250 X260 X270 T440 T440S T450 T450S T460 T460P T470P T550 T560 W550 L450 L460 About this item Battery Type: 3-Cell Lithium-Ion Voltage &Capacity :11.1V 24Wh 2.09AH or 11.4V 24Wh 2.06Ah , in fact , 11.1V is same as 11.4V , because one cell voltage is 3.7V or 3.8V . SANISI Concept: The customer is god, Product Quality and Service must be perfect! We will let every customer feel satisfied Package Contents: 1 pcs Brand New Battery
The Apple MacBook Pro 16-inch (2019) is powered by an Intel Core i7 processor, paired with 16GB RAM and a fast 512GB SSD for powerful and reliable performance. Designed for professionals and creatives, it features a premium aluminum build, immersive 16-inch Retina display, and dedicated Radeon Pro graphics for demanding workloads.
Razer DeathAdder Essential – Ergonomic wired gaming mouse with 6,400 DPI sensor and 5 programmable buttons.Trusted for its comfort, precision, and durable build—perfect for casual and competitive gaming. Model: Razer DeathAdder Essential (Black) Sensor Type: Optical DPI: Up to 6,400 DPI (adjustable) Buttons: 5 independently programmable Hyperesponse buttons Switches: Razer Mechanical Switches rated for up to 10 million clicks Tracking Speed: Up to 220 inches per second (IPS) Acceleration: 30G Design: Ergonomic right-handed design Grip Style: Palm grip (with textured side grips) Lighting: Single-color green backlight (Razer logo) Polling Rate: 1000 Hz Cable: Standard USB wired, 1.8 meters (rubber cable) Compatibility: Windows 7, 8, 10, 11 (Razer Synapse support) Weight: Approx. 96g (excluding cable) Software Support: Razer Synapse (for customization & macros)
The MSI Pro MP253 24.5″ 100Hz Business Monitor is designed for professionals seeking smooth performance and high efficiency. It delivers a crisp Full HD display for sharp visuals and clear text. With a 100Hz refresh rate, this business monitor provides fluid motion and reduces screen tearing. Scrolling through documents and web pages feels smoother, improving your workflow. The fast response time ensures minimal motion blur for a better viewing experience. The MSI Pro MP253 24.5″ 100Hz Business Monitor features a sleek and modern design. Its ultra-slim bezels maximize screen space, making it ideal for multi-monitor setups. The stand is sturdy and adjustable, ensuring comfortable viewing angles. This business monitor comes with anti-flicker and low blue light technology. It reduces eye strain, making it perfect for long working hours. The comfortable viewing experience enhances focus and productivity. Connectivity options include HDMI and DisplayPort, allowing easy connection to various devices. Whether using a laptop, desktop, or docking station, this MSI business monitor ensures seamless compatibility. The MSI Pro MP253 24.5″ 100Hz Business Monitor offers vibrant colors and excellent contrast. The IPS panel provides wide viewing angles, ensuring clear visuals from any position. With energy-efficient performance, this business monitor consumes less power without compromising quality. It is an eco-friendly choice for offices and home workspaces. For professionals needing a reliable display, the MSI Pro MP253 24.5″ 100Hz Business Monitor is a great choice. It offers smooth visuals, eye-care features, and a stylish design to enhance productivity. Specifications: Display : 24.5″ IPS Resolution : 1920×1080 FHD Refresh Rate : 100Hz Response Rate : 1ms Speaker : 3W x2
The ViewSonic VA2450-H-12 24″ FHD 100Hz Monitor offers smooth visuals for work, entertainment, and gaming. It delivers sharp Full HD clarity with bright colors. The screen shows clean images that make videos and documents look better. This helps you enjoy a more comfortable viewing experience. Moreover, the ViewSonic VA2450-H-12 24″ FHD 100Hz Monitor features a fast 100Hz refresh rate. This reduces motion blur during fast scenes. It makes gaming smoother and more responsive. It also improves scrolling and general use. In addition, the monitor includes HDMI and VGA ports. These connections make setup quick and simple. You can use the monitor with laptops, PCs, and media devices. This offers strong flexibility for daily tasks. Furthermore, the ViewSonic VA2450-H-12 24″ FHD 100Hz Monitor has an eye-care design. It includes flicker-free technology to reduce strain. The blue light filter helps protect your eyes during long sessions. This makes the monitor ideal for work and study. Also, the slim frame design gives the monitor a modern look. It saves space on your desk and improves your workspace. The clean edges make multi-monitor setups easy and seamless. This helps create a professional environment. The stand on the ViewSonic VA2450-H-12 24″ FHD 100Hz Monitor offers stable support. You can tilt the screen for better viewing comfort. This helps you find a position that suits your posture. It improves your daily productivity. Overall, the ViewSonic VA2450-H-12 24″ FHD 100Hz Monitor provides clear visuals, smooth motion, and strong comfort. It works well for gaming, work, streaming, and general use. It is a reliable choice for users who want performance and simplicity. Specifications: Display : 24″ IPS Resolution : 1920×1080 Refresh Rate : 100Hz Response Time : 5ms
The Meetion C235 is an economical wired keyboard and mouse combo featuring a full-size 104-key layout and reliable USB connectivity. Designed for business and office use, it offers comfortable typing, smooth mouse control, and plug-and-play compatibility with laptops and desktops. The Meetion C235 Keyboard & Mouse Combo is a practical and cost-effective solution for everyday office and business needs. With a full-size 104-key keyboard, it provides a familiar and comfortable typing experience, making it perfect for work, study, and daily computer use. The included wired mouse ensures precise and smooth control, while the USB plug-and-play setup makes installation quick and effortless on both laptops and desktop PCs. Full-Size 104-Key Keyboard for comfortable and efficient typing Wired USB Connection for stable, lag-free performance Plug & Play – no drivers required Comfortable Key Layout ideal for office and business work Smooth Wired Mouse Included for accurate control Durable Design suitable for long working hours Compatible with Laptop & Desktop PCs Economical Combo Set perfect for home or office setups Ideal for business offices, schools, home setups, and laptop users who need a reliable keyboard and mouse combo for productivity. Works with most computers and laptops supporting USB.
BenQ RE8604 86” 4K UHD Interactive Flat Panel is a large interactive display designed for classrooms, meeting rooms, and training environments. It supports touch interaction, built-in Android system, and 4K resolution for collaboration and presentations. It features an 86-inch IPS panel with 3840 × 2160 4K UHD resolution. Therefore, it delivers sharp visuals and wide viewing angles for group use. In addition, it supports up to 40-point multi-touch input for writing and collaboration. Moreover, it runs an Android-based system (EDLA-supported depending on configuration). As a result, users can open apps, use whiteboard tools, and present content directly on the display without an external PC. The display includes anti-glare glass. Therefore, it remains readable in bright environments. In addition, it supports 4K 60Hz output for smooth visuals during presentations and video playback. Furthermore, it includes HDMI, USB, USB-C, LAN, and OPS slot connectivity. As a result, it works with laptops, external PCs, and modular computing systems. It also includes built-in speakers for classroom and meeting audio. Therefore, it supports presentations without extra sound systems. Finally, the BenQ RE8604 delivers a large 4K interactive workspace with multi-touch control and flexible connectivity for education and business use. Specifications: Display: 86-inch IPS panel with 3840×2160 4K UHD resolution Touch: Up to 40-point multi-touch support for collaboration System: Android-based interactive platform (EDLA support depending on model) Connectivity: HDMI, USB, USB-C, LAN, and OPS slot Display: Anti-glare screen with 4K 60Hz smooth output
Compact and stylish with a zinc alloy shell, the SatcOp 8‑in‑1 USB‑C Multiport Dock delivers essential ports—Ethernet, HDMI, USB, card readers, and charging—in one portable adapter. Ideal for powering your laptop while expanding connectivity on the go. 🖥️ HDMI Port – Connect to external displays in Full HD or 4K (depending on your host device). 🌐 RJ45 Ethernet Port – Provides stable wired internet access with gigabit-speed support. ⚡ USB-C PD Charging – Power your laptop while using other ports (up to 87W pass-through). 🔌 USB 3.0 & USB 2.0 Ports – Connect flash drives, external storage, keyboards, and mice. 💾 SD & TF Card Readers – Quick access to camera and device storage cards. 🧊 Material – Premium zinc alloy casing for durability and efficient heat dissipation. 💼 Design – Slim, lightweight, and perfect for travel, home, or office setups. 💻 Compatibility – Works with most USB-C laptops, including Windows, macOS, Chrome OS, and select Android tablets.
The Samsung 77″ S95D OLED 4K Smart TV | QA77S95FAUXTW is a premium large-screen television designed for exceptional picture quality and immersive home entertainment. It features advanced OLED technology, and it delivers perfect black levels, infinite contrast, and highly accurate colors. In addition, the 4K resolution ensures sharp detail and clarity across movies, games, and streaming content. This model uses Samsung’s advanced AI processor, and it enhances picture quality in real time. As a result, lower-resolution content is intelligently upscaled closer to 4K quality with improved sharpness and texture. Furthermore, the processor optimizes brightness and color balance depending on the scene, so viewing remains consistent in different lighting conditions. The Samsung S95D also supports advanced HDR performance, and it delivers brighter highlights and deeper contrast for a more cinematic experience. Therefore, visuals appear more realistic and dynamic. In addition, motion enhancement technology helps reduce blur, making fast-moving scenes in sports and action movies smoother and clearer. The Smart TV platform provides access to popular streaming applications and smart features. Meanwhile, the sleek OLED design with ultra-thin bezels creates a modern, minimalist look that blends into any living space. Overall, the Samsung 77″ S95D OLED 4K Smart TV | QA77S95FAUXTW combines premium OLED picture quality, intelligent AI processing, and advanced smart features. It is ideal for users who want a high-end cinematic viewing experience at home. Specifications: OLED panel delivers perfect blacks and infinite contrast for cinematic visuals 4K resolution ensures sharp detail and crystal-clear picture quality AI processor enhances and upscales content for improved viewing clarity HDR support delivers brighter highlights and deeper contrast levels Smart TV platform provides access to streaming apps and smart features
Original top case (upper case) assembly for MacBook model A2338 (2020/2022), pulled from a working unit. Includes keyboard, battery, and palm rest — ready for drop-in replacement of a damaged upper half. This is a genuine Apple top case (upper case) assembly removed from a functioning MacBook Pro A2338. Ideal to replace a worn, cracked, or non-functional upper chassis with a fully integrated solution. It carries all the components you need for the top half of the laptop — keyboard, battery, housing, etc. Key Features & Components OEM top case: Apple original part Includes backlit keyboard built into the upper case Integrated battery cells mounted to the housing Palm rest / palm area with matching finish Cutouts and mounts for trackpad, speakers, and internal cabling Compatible with A2338 MacBook Pro (2020 M1 / 2022 M2) models Requires transfer of the Touch ID sensor, as it’s paired to the logic board not included in the case May or may not include trackpad (depending on seller / condition) Tested for battery health, keyboard functionality, internal connections (unless otherwise stated) Detailed Specifications Important Notes & Caveats Must ensure exact model (A2338) — other top cases won’t match in ports, screw layout, and internal fit. Transfer the Touch ID / fingerprint sensor from your original case — it’s tied to the logic board. Check battery condition before listing / resale — internal cells may have wear. Minor cosmetic defects or marks may exist due to being a used part. Installation requires moderate repair skills — ribbon cables, screws, and internals must be aligned correctly.
lenovo battery L18C3PF2 Laptop Battery Compatible with Lenovo Ideapad L3-15IML05 L340-15API L340-15IWL L340-17API L340-17IWL L340-15API/L340-15IWL Touch Series 5B10T03401 L18M3PF2 L18L3PF1 L18D3PF1 11.25V 36Wh About this item 【Battery type】Li-ion. Voltage: 11.25V. Capacity: 36Wh 3320mAh . 【Compatible Part Number】L18C3PF2 5B10T03401 5B10W67302 L18M3PF2 5B10T03402 5B10W67367 5B10T03404 L18D3PF1 5B10W67278 5B10T03400 L18L3PF1 5B10W67198 5B10T03403 . 【Replacement For Laptop】Lenovo V155-15API V340-17IWL, IdeaPad L3-15IML05, Ideapad L340-15API L340-15IWL L340-17API L340-17IWL L340-15IWL Touch L340-15API Touch Series Notebook. 【Connector】Before placing your order, Please refer to the picture and check it. Because the products produced by different factories will have differences in size, cable length, interface, etc.
The LG 32UR500K-B 32 Inch Monitor delivers large-screen clarity and detailed visuals for work, entertainment, and everyday computing. Its spacious 32-inch display provides an immersive viewing experience, making it ideal for productivity, content consumption, and multitasking. Moreover, the high-resolution panel ensures sharp images and vibrant colors, allowing users to enjoy clear visuals across various applications. This monitor offers wide viewing angles and accurate color reproduction, making it suitable for office tasks, media editing, and home entertainment. Additionally, the sleek and modern design fits easily into professional or home setups while maximizing desk space efficiency. The large screen size also allows users to work with multiple windows comfortably without constant switching. The LG 32UR500K-B includes multiple connectivity options, making it easy to connect PCs, laptops, and consoles. Furthermore, ergonomic tilt adjustments allow comfortable viewing during long work or entertainment sessions. Therefore, it is perfect for professionals, students, and home users seeking performance and comfort. Finally, it combines large-screen immersion, clarity, and modern design for everyday use. Specifications: 32-inch monitor for work and entertainment High-resolution display for clear visuals Wide viewing angles and accurate colors Multiple connectivity options Sleek and modern design
The Lenovo Legion Pro 32UD-10 69D0GACBEU is a premium 31.5-inch UHD gaming monitor built for high-end gaming and content creation. It uses a QD-OLED panel with 4K resolution, ultra-fast response time, and advanced HDR support. Additionally, it combines esports-level speed with strong color accuracy and deep contrast. This monitor delivers a 3840 × 2160 UHD resolution with a 240Hz refresh rate for smooth gameplay and detailed visuals. Moreover, it features an extremely fast 0.03ms GtG response time that reduces motion blur during competitive gaming sessions. The Lenovo Legion Pro 32UD-10 also supports AMD FreeSync Premium Pro and VESA Adaptive Sync for tear-free gaming performance. The QD-OLED panel provides 99% sRGB and 99% DCI-P3 color coverage with True 10-bit color depth. Therefore, the monitor delivers rich colors, deep blacks, and strong HDR performance for gaming, streaming, and creative workloads. It also supports DisplayHDR True Black 400 and Dolby Vision technologies for enhanced contrast and brightness handling. The Lenovo Legion Pro 32UD-10 includes HDMI 2.1, DisplayPort 1.4, USB-C, and USB hub connectivity for gaming PCs, consoles, and accessories. Additionally, the ergonomic stand supports height, tilt, swivel, and pivot adjustments for flexible positioning. VESA mount support also allows wall or monitor arm installation. Community feedback highlights the monitor’s excellent image quality, fast OLED response performance, and strong HDR gaming experience. However, some users discussed HDR brightness behavior and Dolby Vision driver quirks in early usage reports. Specifications: 31.5-inch 4K UHD QD-OLED gaming display 240Hz refresh rate for ultra-smooth gameplay 0.03ms GtG response time for minimal motion blur DisplayHDR True Black 400 and Dolby Vision support HDMI 2.1, DisplayPort 1.4, USB-C, and USB hub connectivity
The MSI Pro MP245PG 24″ FHD Business Monitor is built for productivity, offering a perfect balance between clarity and comfort. With its 24-inch Full HD display, it delivers crisp visuals and sharp text for everyday tasks. Moreover, the slim bezels make it an excellent choice for multi-monitor setups. Because eye comfort is important, this business monitor includes TÜV-certified low blue light and flicker-free technology. As a result, you can work longer hours without strain. In addition, its adjustable stand allows tilt customization, helping you find the most comfortable viewing angle. The MSI Pro MP245PG 24″ FHD Business Monitor also ensures smooth visuals with its 100Hz refresh rate. Furthermore, AMD FreeSync support minimizes screen tearing, making presentations and light entertainment look more fluid. Therefore, it is suitable not only for work but also for casual gaming. Connectivity is another strong feature of this monitor. With HDMI, DisplayPort, and VGA ports, it easily supports multiple devices. Besides that, its built-in speakers provide clear audio, reducing the need for external accessories. Not only is it practical, but it also comes with VESA mount compatibility for flexible desk or wall installation. In short, the MSI Pro MP245PG 24″ FHD Business Monitor is a reliable solution for professionals who need performance, comfort, and versatility in one package. Specifications: Display : 24″ IPS Screen : 1920 x 1080 (FHD) Refresh Rate : 100Hz Response Rate : 1ms (MPRT) / 4ms (GtG)
The MSI Optix G27C7 Gaming Monitor delivers immersive visuals with a 27″ curved display and Full HD resolution. The 1500R curve enhances comfort and viewing experience. Moreover, it features a 165Hz refresh rate for smooth and responsive gameplay. A 1ms response time helps reduce motion blur in fast scenes. The VA panel provides high contrast and deep blacks. It also offers wide 178° viewing angles for consistent image quality. Adaptive Sync with FreeSync Premium reduces screen tearing and stuttering. This ensures smoother gameplay performance. Additional features include Night Vision for better detail in dark areas. Anti-flicker and low blue light help reduce eye strain. The MSI Optix G27C7 Gaming Monitor is a solid choice for users who want curved immersion and smooth performance. Specifications: 27″ Full HD VA curved panel with 1500R curvature 165Hz refresh rate for smooth gaming performance 1ms response time for reduced motion blur AMD FreeSync Premium for tear-free gameplay Wide viewing angles with high contrast ratio
